White Rot Fungi (Hymenochaetales) and Esca of Grapevine: Insights from Recent Microbiome Studies

Esca is a major grapevine trunk disease that heavily affects vineyards in the Northern hemisphere. The etiology and epidemiology of this disease have been subject of dispute ever since the earliest disease reports. The reason behind such debate is the presence of multiple internal and external symptoms, as well as several putative and confirmed wood pathogens. While the role of pathogenic fungi, as causal agents of wood symptoms, has been thoroughly assessed, their role in the expression of leaf symptoms remains to be fully elucidated. In this review, we analyzed etiological and epidemiological data, with a special focus on the microbiological aspect of esca and the involvement of Hymenochaetales (Basidiomycota). Vineyard studies have associated leaf symptoms with the presence of white rot, most frequently caused by Fomitiporia mediterranea (Hymenochaetales), while tracheomycotic fungi are commonly found, with similar abundance, in symptomatic and asymptomatic vines. Pathogenicity trials have excluded a direct effect of Hymenochaetales species in triggering leaf symptoms, while the data concerning the role of tracheomycotic fungi remains controversial. Recent microbiome studies confirmed that F. mediterranea is more abundant in leaf-symptomatic vines, and treatments that effectively control leaf symptoms, such as sodium arsenite spray and trunk surgery, act directly on the abundance of F. mediterranea or on the presence of white rot. This suggest that the simultaneous presence of Hymenochaetales and tracheomycotic fungi is a pre-requisite for leaf symptoms; however, the relation among fungal pathogens, grapevine and other biotic and abiotic factors needs further investigation.

Sosialisasi Personal Higiene pada Pedagang Ikan Panggang di Kawasan Wisata Kuliner Loang Baloq, Mataram

Loang Baloq is currently a culinary center for grilled fish that has development prospects to support regional tourism. However, the behavior and habits of the grilled fish sellers who do not pay attention to the personal hygiene aspects have resulted in the low quality of the grilled fish, especially from the microbiological aspect. The main problem of sellers as a target of this community service activity was the lack of their knowledge related to personal hygiene procedures and the risks from food safety perspective that can be caused if personal hygiene procedures were not applied in the processing of grilled fish. In this activity, several solutions were given to improve the quality and safety of grilled fish at Loang Baloq including education to the seller, a person who are directly involved in all production stages, about the importance of personal hygiene application, the risk of not applying personal hygiene, types of personal hygiene standart equipment for food processing and personal hygiene procedures, especially how to wash hands properly. Activities were carried out by lecture method, question and answer (FAQs) and direct practice. The reflection result showed that this activity improving the sellers knowledges including the meant of personal hygiene and the importance of applying personal hygiene in grilled fish processing, the types of personal hygiene standard equipment for food processors and how to use them, and helped the sellers practice how to wash their hands properly.

The Participation of Microbiota in the Transformation of Nitrogen Compounds in the Soil—A Review

Due to the growing costs of agricultural production and the need to protect the environment, there has been a need to intensify activities leading to an increase in the effectiveness of natural biological processes. These measures should increase the biodiversity of the environment, enable the adaptation of microorganisms and the protection of plants and soils against the background of the concept of sustainable agricultural development. The soil is an important environment in which many elements are transformed, including nitrogen necessary for the proper yielding of plants. The aim of the article is to present the microbiological aspect of nitrogen transformation, starting with a review of historical findings and then to discuss the progress of the latest developments that have contributed to a detailed understanding of the biochemical reactions occurring during nitrogen transformation in soil. Moreover, the aim of the study is to present the current state of knowledge on the dynamics of nitrogen uptake and conversion by various species of microorganisms and the relationship between the activity of nitrogen microorganisms and nitrogen uptake by plants. The article also includes the latest information on the possibility of using microbiological biostimulants supporting plant growth (PGPR) and protection against the effects of phytopathogens.

Studi Aspek Mikrobiologis Dan Kimiawi Minuman Jamu Gendong Kunyit Asam Di Jimbaran dan Kedonganan, Bali

“Jamu Gendong Kunyit Asam (Tamarind Turmeric Sour Herbs)” is a typical Indonesian drink that is quite famous which is one of the legacies of the Indonesian nation’s ancestors who have medicinal properties in maintaining health and for healing a disease. This study aims to determine aspects of chemistry and microbiology as well as food safety of Tamarind Turmeric Sour Herbs in Jimbaran and Kedonganan, Bali by using survey method and research. The observed variabels include total microbial, coliforms, Escherichia coli, pH, total acid, total vitamin C. The results of microbiological aspect test in this study showed that two samples of Jamu Gendong Kunyit Asam (Tamarind Turmeric Sour Herbs) at Jimbaran and Kedonganan,Bali does not meet the requirements according to SNI 7388:2009 namely samples B and E with indigo in sample B that is 30 x 10-1 and sample E which is 1 x 10-1. The result of chemistry aspect are if the increase in total vitamin C will effect the increase in total acid and pH will be more acid. Besaide that, E. coli bacteria can grow at a pH of 5-7 and the compound content of the tamarind fruit is also antibacterial so that most of Jamu Gendong Kunyit Asam (Tamarind Turmeric Sour Herbs) at Jimbaran and Kedonganan are not contaminated with E.coli.

PSVIII-14 Fifteen months of using litter from recycled manure as bedding for dairy cows: a focus on Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella variicola and Clostridium perfringens

In recent years, for economical purposes and to improve well-being conditions of cows, several dairy producers have adopted litter made from recycled manure solids (RMS). However, its use raises several safety issues, particularly with respect to mastitis and other infections. We previously observed cases of mastitis caused by K. pneumoniae and K. variicola, and two deadly infections from C. perfringens from cows on RMS. A herd of Holstein cows, distributed in two barns of about 40 lactating cows, was used. RMS was used in one barn, and wood-chip litter (WCL), in the other. RMS was generated by roller presses separation followed by conditioning at 55°C for 24h. Clean and soiled (used) RMS and WCL samples were collected for 15 months. Similarly, material samples before conditioning were also collected, and all samples were analyzed by viability-qPCR. Milk samples from cows with mastitis and somatic cell count data (SCC) were analyzed. Total and living contents of K. pneumoniae, K. variicola, C. perfringens and Klebsiella spp. were higher in the RMS than the WCL (+1.6–4.2 log10, P < 0.05). Composting 24h at 55°C did not affect total and live levels of C. perfringens, K. pneumoniae, and even increased total and live levels of K. variicola (+0.9 log10, P < 0.05). A seasonal effect or the number of cycles recycling the RMS decreased levels of K. pneumoniae in winter. Overall, RMS had no significant effect on SCC, but increased mastitis incidence (+39%, P < 0.05), compared to WCL. Milk analysis revealed that higher levels of K. pneumoniae found in RMS could contribute to the increase in mastitis cases caused by this pathogen. Data reported from this study are not favorable to the use of an RMS conditioned for 24h at 55°C with dairy cows, apropos the microbiological aspect; however, these results must be confirmed by other studies.

MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECT OF FUNGAL RHINOSINUSITIS: STUDY CONDUCTED IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF NORTH INDIA.

Introduction: Fungal rhinosinusitis is the emerging disease of current era, so isolation of fungus is important aspect to plan the treatment modalities accordingly. Methods: 50 samples of suspected patients of fungal rhinosinusitis were studied. Various samples like nasal secretion, nasal lavage and tissue were examined on direct microscopy using KOH and processed by standard protocols for fungal culture. Result: Out of 50 suspected cases fungal rhinosinusitis was seen in 23 (46%) cases. The 40% of cases were positive by direct microscopy using 20%KOH and 46% were positive by fungal culture. The most common fungal isolates was Aspergillus flavus (65.5%) followed by Aspergillus niger (13%). Conclusion: Aspergillus spp. was the most common isolated species among all the cases of fungal rhinosinusitis. Keywords: Aspergillus spp., Fungal, Rhinosinusitis.

VIBRIO CHOLERA IN THE WATERS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The current stage of development of the seventh pandemic of cholera in the world is characterized by a tendency to widespread, registration of outbreaks, epidemics and sporadic cases of diseases associated with drifts, including single drifts of this infection (without spreading) into Russia. The territory of Russia is one of the most water-supplied countries in the world; however, some of the rivers, such as the Volga, Ob, Amur, and Don are among the most important economic arteries, therefore just these rivers were the objects of study for this work. A comparative multivariate analysis of data from long-term monitoring studies on cholera showed that in all the studied reservoirs during the study period there was observed the isolation of cultures of Vibrio cholerae with diverse phenotypic characteristics. The data obtained allows us to tentatively assume that in Russia there are a number of areas with aquatic ecosystems, such as r. Volga, Ob, Amur, and Don, in which non-toxic cholera vibrios can survive during the summer period. In the microbiological aspect of cholera epidemiological surveillance, the accumulation of long-term data on the circulation of Vibrio cholera strains in environmental objects is important. From our point of view, the use of computer technologies (Geoinformational System) for analyzing the dynamics of the isolation of V. cholerae cultures in both spatial and temporal formats contributes to the timely determination of the direction and volume of preventive measures in each specific administrative territory of the country.