An orbital energy flow and a spin flow at the tight focus

We have shown that a reverse energy flow (negative projection of the Poynting vector onto the optical axis) at the sharp focus of an optical vortex with topological charge 2 and left-hand circular polarization arises because the axial spin flow has a negative projection onto the optical axis and is greater in magnitude than positive projection onto the optical axis of the orbital energy flow (canonical energy flow). Also, using the Richards-Wolf formulas, it is shown that when focusing a left-handed circularly polarized light, in the region of the on-axis reverse energy flow, the light is right-handed circularly polarized.

Design of Pedestrian Landscape Flying-Bird Arch Bridge with Cable-Stayed Cable and Lissajous Curved Arch Rib

In view of the demand of super long span pedestrian landscape bridge with curved deck, this paper proposes a kind of cable-stayed and flying-brid arch bridge with Lissajous curved arch rib and double curved bridge deck. Its plane positive projection is Lissajous curve figure, the side elevation of the arch rib is the shape of the cable-stayed and flying-brid arch, and the arch foot cable and the upper space cable between the arch ribs are installed on the Lissajous spatial curved arch rib with concrete-filled steel tube to form a self balanced structure system, which floats and drags across the river. The main arch sling and the tail cable are installed, the double curved bridge deck and the central circular sightseeing platform are suspended, and multiple groups of spatial cables work well together to complement each other, with having complementary advantages. Combined with the actual project, the parameter design is carried out, the Midas finite element model is established, the internal force of the structure is calculated, the structural dynamic mode and stability analysis are carried out, the rationality of its structural performance is verified by analysis and research.

The impact of dynamic status changes within competitive rank-ordered hierarchies

Jockeying and competing for higher status is an inherent feature of rank-ordered hierarchies. Despite theoretically acknowledging rank changes within hierarchies, the extant literature has ignored the role of competitors’ dynamic movements on a focal actor’s resulting behavior. By using a dynamic lens to examine these movement in competitive situations, we examine how positive change in a competitor’s rank—that is, positive status momentum—affects a focal actor’s psychology and resulting performance. We consider the real-world contexts of 5.2 million observations of chess tournaments and 117,762 observations of professional tennis players and find that a focal actor’s performance in both cognitive and physical competitions is negatively impacted when facing a competitor with positive momentum. Additionally, 4 experimental studies reveal that a competitor’s positive momentum results in the focal actor’s positive projection of the competitor’s future rank, which, in turn, increases the psychological threat for the actor. Collectively, our findings advance the social hierarchy literature by helping to elucidate the manner in which rank-ordered hierarchies are negotiated and disrupted over time.

Do People Contrast and Assimilate Candidate Ideology? An Experimental Test of the Projection Hypothesis

In political psychology, positive projection happens when we perceive the positions of liked candidates as closer to our own positions while negative projection means we perceive the positions of disliked candidates as further from our own positions. To date, there is still confusion about whether affective feelings lead to perceptions of candidate positions or perceptions of candidate positions lead to affective feelings. This paper pins down one of these causal directions. I manipulate positive and negative feelings towards a fictitious candidate in a survey experiment to introduce them exogenously and examine whether they affect perceptions of candidate ideology. In line with some previous findings, the results indicate modest positive projection effects but no negative projection effects. Explanations for this asymmetry are discussed.

Receptivity and Creativity in Hermeneutics: From Gadamer to Onto-Hermeneutics (Part Two)

There are two aspects of the hermeneutic: the receptive and the creative. In this article, first of all, I shall identify the strengths of these two aspects of the hermeneutic in the main development of hermeneutics in Western world. Heidegger and Gadamer take ontological receptivity as the source of the meaning of existence as well as the meaningfulness of texts. In my view such a form of receptivity has shaped the predominant paradigm of hermeneutic thinking in Contemporary Europe or West. Therefore, I move to the creative formation and positive projection of a transformative cosmological philosophy, namely the Yijing《易經》 philosophy in Chinese tradition. In these two contrasts we shall not only notice the strong divergence between the two paradigms but come to see how receptivity and creativity of the hermeneutic could be divergently identified and located in concrete understanding of nature of reality and nature of the human being.

Receptivity and Creativity in Hermeneutics

There are two aspects of the hermeneutic: the receptive and the creative. The receptive of the hermeneutic consists in coming to know and acknowledge what has happened, observing what there is as historically effected, foretelling what will happen as a matter of projection of future possibilities, and disclosing / discovering transcendental conditions, fore-structures or horizons of human understanding and interpretation; the creative of the hermeneutic, on the other hand, consists in realizing and demonstrating human sensibilities and human capabilities and needs, conceptualizing what is factual and real based on human cognitive and volitional faculties and experiences, developing values and pursuing regulative ideals of actions, and searching for best possible ways or methods to reach for individual and communal end-goals which will enhance human beings as autonomous entities and moral agents in the world. The receptive is represented by the phenomenological approach to Being and reality whereas the creative is conveyed by an ontology of reflection of human being for self-definition and self-cultivation of human faculties. This amounts to bringing out an existing distinction between ming (what is imparted) and li (the presupposed ground) on the one hand and xing ( human potentiality for being in oneself) and xin (human understanding and interpretation toward action) on the other in the tradition of Confucian metaphysics.Next, I shall focus on Heidegger and Gadamer as taking ontological receptivity (as a matter of fore-structures of Being or Language of human understanding) as the source of meaning of existence and meaningfulness of texts. Th ere are of course creative elements to be identifi ed with forming investigative projects of the Dasein for disclosing truth of the Being, but the main tone is to realize the Being or Language as base structures of our hermeneutic consciousness or hermeneutic space of understanding. Because of spacelimitation, however, I shall leave to another occasion the discussion of the creative formation and positive projection of a transformative cosmological philosophy in the Yijing tradition as represented in my onto-hermeneutics which takes experiences of ≫comprehensive observation≪ (guan) and ≫feeling- refl ection≪ (gan) as two avenues toward human understanding and hermeneutic enterprise of interpretation.

FoxP1 Protein Shows Differential Layer Expression in the Parahippocampal Domain among Bird Species

Different bird orders show diversity in neural capabilities supported by variations in brain morphology. The parahippocampal domain in the medial pallium, together with the hippocampus proper, plays an important role in memory skills. In the present work, we analyze the expression pattern of the FoxP1 protein in the parahippocampal area of four different bird species: the nonvocal learner birds quail and chicken (Galliformes) and two vocal learner birds, i.e. the zebra finch (Passeriformes) and the budgerigar (Psittaciformes), at different developmental and adult stages. We also analyze the expression of the calbindin protein in quails and zebra finches. We observed differences in the FoxP1 parahippocampal layer among bird species. In quails, chickens, and budgerigar, FoxP1 cells were located in the outer layers of the lateral and caudolateral parahippocampal sectors. In contrast, FoxP1 immunoreactive cells appeared in the inner layer of the same sectors in the zebra finch parahippocampal domain. These differences suggest two possibilities: either the FoxP1-positive cells described in quails, chickens, and budgerigars are a different population than the one described in the zebra finch, or there are changes in the pattern of radial migration in the parahippocampal area among birds. In the present study, we show that FoxP1 expression is more similar between quails, chickens, and budgerigars than between budgerigars and zebra finches in the parahippocampal area. This result contrasts with previous data in other telencephalic structures, like the calbindin-positive projection neurons described in the striatum of budgerigars and zebra finches but not in quails and chickens. All of these data point to diversity in the evolution of different morphological characters and, therefore, a mosaic model for telencephalic evolution in birds.

Receptivity and Creativity in Hermeneutics: From Gadamer to Onto-Hermeneutics (Part One)

There are two aspects of the hermeneutic: the receptive and the creative. In this article, first of all, I shall identify the strengths of these two aspects of the hermeneutic in the main development of hermeneutics in Western world. Heidegger and Gadamer take ontological receptivity as the source of the meaning of existence as well as the meaningfulness of texts. In my view such a form of receptivity has shaped the predominant paradigm of hermeneutic thinking in contemporary Europe or West. Therefore, I move to the creative formation and positive projection of a transformative cosmological philosophy, namely the Yijing《易經》philosophy in Chinese tradition. In these two contrasts we shall not only notice the strong divergence between the two paradigms but come to see how receptivity and creativity of the hermeneutic could be divergently identified and located in concrete understanding of nature of reality and nature of the human being.

Improvement of Transmittable Torque of CVT Using Hybrid V-Belt Under Lubricated Condition

The purpose of this study is to show the effective method to increase the transmittable torque for continuously variable transmissions (CVT) using hybrid block V-belts under lubrication. The influence of belt geometry on the maximum transmittable torque of CVT was discussed while four types of belt were used, having different dimensions of either upper or lower arms of H-shaped blocks. The effect of lubrication between the belt and the pulley on the transmittable torque was investigated based on the Stribeck curve in order to examine the change of frictional state of contact surface and the power transmitting efficiency. The micro-grooving technique was also applied to the CVT blocks to obtain the high transmittable torque and stable lubrication. The test results suggested that the maximum transmittable torque was expected at a high belt velocity condition if the positive projection of the tension members exists for CVT even under the lubricating condition. The lubricant state between the belt and the pulley should be divided into three modes based on the Stribeck curve; boundary lubrication mode, mixed lubrication mode and hydrodynamic lubrication mode. Both higher transmittable torque and power transmitting efficiency are achieved if the boundary lubrication mode is kept. The micro-grooving technique applied to the contact surface of the blocks also contributed to increase the maximum transmittable torque for CVT using hybrid V-belts when CVT was operated at high belt velocity.