Existentialism and Theology. United route

The present paper concentrates on analyzing the types of existential philosophy, its current condition, aims, and perspectives of this process in the history of philosophy. The main task of the work was to prove and show the unity of this tradition, despite the artificial divisions and the unjustified disengagements in its “application”. The idea is substantiated that the concept of fundamental intention stands out as a unifying meaning. Research evidence that existential philosophy demonstrates an essential unity with theological thought. The key to this understanding is the doctrine of theological existentialism.

Overcoming the World: Bavinck on Faith and Knowledge

After A Short Biographical Introduction, This Article Argues That Herman Bavinck’s Reformed Theology Displays His Appreciation For The Catholicity Of The Church. This Attitude Appears Most Strongly In His Interest In Epistemology. For Bavinck, Faith And Knowledge Form An Essential Unity. He Intends To Avoid Subjectivity While Incorporating The Modern Epistemological Turn To The Human Subject. This Is His Most Original And Most Important Contribution To Theology. According To Bavinck, Faith Overcomes The World By Viewing It As God’s Fallen Creation On Its Way To Final Restoration Through Christ’s Redemption. The Appendix Offers The First English Translation Of Thus Far Unnoticed Theses On Faith And Knowledge. KEYWORDS: Herman Bavinck, Neo-Calvinism, Theological Catholicity, Christian Epistemology, General Revelation, Subjectivity

What is Matter in Aristotle's Hylomorphism?

Aristotle's notion of matter has been seen either as unintelligible, it being some mysterious potential entity that is nothing in its own right, or as simply the notion of an everyday object. The latter is the common assumption in contemporary approaches to hylomorphism, but as has been pointed out, especially by scholars with a background in ancient philosophy, if we conceive of matter as an object itself we cannot account for the unity of hylomorphic substances. Thus, they assume that a hylomorphic substance is an essential unity and matter not a constituent at all. This solution to the problem of unity, however, brings us back to the mysterious notion of matter. For these reasons, I will revisit Aristotle's conception of matter in this paper. I will argue that an understanding of form as a cause of being requires that matter be an independent constituent of the individual substance. However, I agree that the conception of matter as an individual object with an essence makes it impossible to solve the problem of unity. We therefore need to take seriously Aristotle's assertion that matter is nothing in its own right and not an individual. By denying that matter is an individual, Aristotle does not introduce a mysterious entity, nor does he deny that it can be identified independently of the whole; instead, matter for Aristotle is an irreducible plurality, and this explains why it is not an individual and has no essence. I will conclude with some observations on how this gives rise to two competing versions of hylomorphic constitution.

Philadelphia, Gruzino, Orenburg: on the Issue of Periodization of the Journal Activity of P. Svinyin

The system of principles and techniques of publicistic creativity of P.P. Svinin was influenced by his life events. While still in the diplomatic service in America and Europe (1806–1814), he understood the prospects of the mission of a mediator in intercultural dialogue between them and Russia, and launched a career of cultural and educational journalist. Upon his to Russia he actively participated in intercultural dialogue between Russia and the West. Later Svinin engaged in equally productive but more originally found intracultural dialogue — between Russia and the Russian reader. Regions, events, people of Russia filled the pages of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski for a whole decade. Repeated attempts to find, according to local traditions an influential patron for himself and the magazine failed, and Svinin turned to the support and protection of the "collective patron", perceiving it as a part the national-sovereign consciousness of the government supervised layers of society. P. Svinin chose the techniques so precisely that the genre, themes and style of Otechestvennye zapiski between 1820 and 1830 remained intact. The travel essay, the travelogue, developed to perfection was widely used to increase magazine’ popularity. Although vivid but inaccurate details used into the text as a result of an error or deliberate deception of the reader did a disservice to the magazine. The research focuses primarily on three of his essays, characteristic of three periods of Svin-in's journalism: Observations of a Russian in America (1812) — a foreign period, A Trip to Gruzino (1818) — a search for a genre niche in Russian journalism and "Painting of Orenburg and its environs" (op. 1828) — a period of maturity. An analysis of their style revealed the essential unity of Svinin's journalistic style in all three periods.

Thermal Degradation of β-Carotene from Macauba Palm: Mathematical Modeling and Parameter Estimation

Worldwide, there is a current need for new sources of vegetable oils. The natural content of total carotenoids in Acrocomia aculeata palm oil (up to 378 µg.g-1) surpasses that of many other tropical fruits, making it one of its main compositional characteristics. As far as can be verified, there is no available information on the degradation kinetics of carotenoids for A. aculeata oil, which is required to describe reaction rates and to predict changes that can occur during food processing. The present study considered prediction abilities that have emerged with the use of specific kinetic data and procedures to understand thermal processing better, as an essential unity operation. Two kinetic mechanisms were proposed to describe the overall thermal degradation of carotenoids in the oil; the first one consists of three reaction steps while the other presents only one-step reaction. Mass balance equations were numerically solved by a Backward Differentiation Formula technique. The kinetic parameters from both models were estimated through a hybrid optimisation method using the Particle Swarm Optimization and the Gauss-Newton method, followed by statistical analyses. The model with more than one reaction was shown to be overparameterized and was discarded. The model with a single reaction was highly suited to handle the experimental data available, and the dependency of its rate constant on temperature was expressed according to Arrhenius law. As far we know, this is the first time the kinetics of carotenoids thermal degradation in A. aculeata oil is investigated through modelling simulation.

“May we not see God?”: Henry David Thoreau’s Doctrine of Spiritual Senses

This article argues that Henry David Thoreau believed in the essential unity of the five senses and privileged each as a source of wild and divine knowledge, which, when combined, created a full picture that might result in a true approximation of God in and beyond nature—the hallmark of Thoreau’s fundamentally incarnational theology. Thoreau treated each sense not only as a source of divine knowledge but as a site of theological discourse: for touch, the relationship between sin and grace; for smell, the conundrum of an eternal divinity acting in historical time; for taste, the efficacy of sacraments; for hearing, the possibility of continuing revelation; and for sight, the ability for human beings to actually see God. The senses were the practical entry point to Thoreau’s theological system, which was concerned with the discovery and redemption of internal “wildness” and reconnection to the mysterious, divine source of that wildness, to the unaccountable in nature.

National and State Classical University in a Globalizing Modernity

The classical “university of reason”, the idea of which is defined in German classical philosophy and German romanticism as “preparation for knowledge”, and “mission” - as “the formation of goodwill”, i.e. the education of a citizen, has lost its foundation in modernity: the essential unity of culture, the nation, the state, and the university is removed and the named “elements” of this unity in modern reality, presented in the liberal version of the economic paradigm, mean something else: the article indicates their new meaning, and as such are no longer connected. The thing that has replaced the “university of reason” in modernity has other tasks: to guarantee globalization by producing technical, i.e. directly useful and standardized knowledge, and to participate in the formation of human capital. The products produced by the university are offered on the global market as a competitively priced commodity; the name “university” is still kept as a “technical term” to denote a “bureaucratically and commercially oriented corporation”. (B. Ridings). At the same time, a unified educational space as one of the areas of the global order needs the formation of a cosmopolitan worldview - the structure, the content of educational programs, the form of organization of the modern university-corporation (as now - “multicultural reality”) are aimed at fulfilling such a definite task. The concept of “sustainable development” and its stated agenda, by defining educational goals, represents a way of ’politicizing’ (W. Beck), which aims to limit total market logic and balance necessary inequalities to ensure the unity of the global order; the article asks what this means for a university that has lost its essential identity and is embedded in a global network.

The Book of Isaiah: Its Composition History

This chapter discusses the complex literary growth (Redaktionsgeschichte) that lies behind Isa 1–66, with special focus on history of research. The most important contribution can be attributed to Bernhard Duhm, who proposed the three-part division of Isaiah into Proto-Isaiah, Deutero-Isaiah, and Trito-Isaiah. He had several forerunners in the eighteenth century. The great success of the idea of a tripartite authorship stems from Duhm’s conception of the prophet—the prophet was a rhetorical and religious genius. The second part of the chapter deals with the “Rediscovery of the Essential Unity of the Book.” One can speak of a paradigm shift, when the person of the prophet has been replaced by an interest in the book as a literary. There are two basic models for understanding the origin of the book. In the first model, Isa 1–39 and 40–55 are traced back to two, initially independently transmitted, literary works. According to the second model, Isa 40–55 is a literary continuation of Isa 1–39, making it necessary to dismiss the notion of an autonomous Deutero-Isaiah. Two conclusions can be drawn from the history of research: (a) the person of the prophet can no longer serve as an appropriate point of departure for analysis, and (b) redaction-critical analysis of Isa 1–39 must always proceed with attention to the whole book of Isaiah.

Philosophical and legal foundations of the doctrine Marsil of Padua about the state

Учение представителя раннего итальянского гуманизма, выдающегося философа и правоведа, Марсилия Падуанского [1270(80) – 1342(43)] о государстве актуализирует платоновские политико-правовые идеалы. Мысль Платона о сущностном единстве человека и государства, формируемом общим источником их добродетели – идеей справедливости, составляет теоретическое основание гуманизма падуанца, его философско-правового учения о совокупной воле людей как источнике государственного суверенитета. The teaching of the representative of early Italian humanism, an outstanding philosopher and lawyer, Marsil of Padua [1270 (80) - 1342 (43)] about the state actualizes Plato's political and legal ideals. Plato's thought about the essential unity of man and the state, formed by the common source of their virtue - the idea of ​​justice, constitutes the theoretical basis of Padua's humanism, his philosophical and legal doctrine of the collective will of people as a source of state sovereignty.