A numerical simulation of air flow in the human respiratory system for various environmental conditions

The functions of the nasal cavity are very important for maintaining the internal environment of the lungs since the inner walls of the nasal cavity control the temperature and saturation of the inhaled air with water vapor until the nasopharynx is reached. In this paper, three-dimensional computational studies of airflow transport in the models of the nasal cavity were carried out for the usual inspiratory velocity in various environmental conditions. Three-dimensional numerical results are compared with experimental data and calculations of other authors. Numerical results show that during normal breathing, the human nose copes with heat and relative moisture metabolism in order to balance the intra-alveolar conditions. It is also shown in this paper that a normal nose can maintain balance even in extreme conditions, for example, in cold and hot weather. The nasal cavity accelerates heat transfer by narrowing the air passages and swirls from the nasal concha walls of the inner cavity.

Sinonasal fibromyxoma in a child

Sinonasal fibromyxoma is a rather rare neoplasm and occurs in less than 1% of tumors. In the literature, there is a description of only 8 cases of this pathology in children. The article describes a clinical case of sinonasal fibromyxoma in a 14-year-old child with complaints of persistent severe difficulty in breathing through the left half of the nasal cavity, periodic tear stagnation on the left for 14 months, and dysphonia. The results of endoscopic diagnosis of ENT organs, computed tomography of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, the stages of the performed elective surgical intervention (polypectomy, left-side endoscopic sinusitis with sinus sanitation, turbinoplasty of the left middle nasal concha) are presented in detail, as well as the conclusions of the histological examination of the lesion removed from the patient. The authors analyzed domestic and foreign literature data on this problem, based on which they presented in the article a differential series of myxoma.

The Development of Real Time Facemask

The maxilla articulates with nine other bones: the frontal cranial and the ethmoid, as well as the “nasal, zygomatic, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine, vomer, and the adjacent fused maxilla.” It is connected to other bones above through sutures. (Figure 1).

A new method of endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy

Objectives - to improve the quality of surgical treatment of patients with chronic dacryocystitis. Material and methods. Six people participated in the study. All the examined and operated patients were diagnosed with chronic dacryocystitis. The patients' examination included the consultation of an ophthalmologists, an otolaryngologist, and an internist, a CT scan of nose, paranasal sinuses, nasolacrimal canal, a video endoscopic study of the nasal cavity. Each patient had indications for surgery. An endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy was performed under the control of video endoscopic technique using the N.V. Volov's Elevator. The surgical approach - via the inferior nasal meatus, under the inferior nasal concha. The surgical method - breaking out of the bone window is performed by turning the elevator medially from the side of the lachrymal sac into the nasal cavity. Results. There were no intraoperative complications. The operation time was less than five minutes. The treatment was carried out on an outpatient basis. During the follow-up period (2-6 months) no relapses were registered. These facts can be regarded as the advantages of this method of surgical treatment of dacryocystitis. Conclusion. The method of endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy, performed through the inferior nasal meatus using an elevator, significantly reduces the time of formation of the bone window and the imposition of the anastomosis between the lachrymal sac and the nasal cavity. The process of intraoperative search for the projection of the nasolacrimal canal simplifies. It also reduces the wound surface and shortens the rehabilitation period.

Changes in the function of external respiration of patients with skeletal anomalies of the jaws during orthognathic operations

The article presents the results of a study of the respiratory function of the nose in a group of patients with skeletal anomalies of the jaws before and after the orthognathic operation. Based on the analysis of literature data and their own clinical experience, the authors proposed a modification of the surgical procedure in patients with skeletal anomalies of the jaws, pronounced hypertrophy of the lower nasal concha and a pronounced decrease in patency of the nasal passages, which, in addition to deepening the pearshaped aperture, revisions and plastics of the nasal septum in the amount of horizontal resection of the septum and fixing it along the midline to the anterior nasal spine, stapling of the wings of the nose, includes osteo tomia and partial resection of the lower nasal concha. According to rhinomapometry and CBCT, patients with a decreased patency of the nasal passages and a marked increase in the lower nasal concha, which underwent orthognathic operations in the traditional way (control group) and according to the new method proposed by the authors, were selected from the general group of patients examined. study group). The improvement of the nasal passages patency and nasal breathing function in the study group was revealed, confirming the increase in the effectiveness and quality of the treatment carried out according to the method proposed by the authors in comparison with the control group. The proposed method is protected by the patent of the Russian Federation for invention No. 2697750.

Morphogenesis of maxillary sinuses in infants, during early and first childhood

The aim: To study the peculiarities of the structure and to see the development of maxillary sinuses in infants, during the early and first childhood periods of human ontogenesis. Materials and methods: The study of the peculiarities of the development and formation of the maxillary sinuses’ wall was carried out on 50 species of the upper jaws, turtles and sections of the head of the human corpses during different periods of ontogenesis (in infants, during early and first childhood) with the help of histological examination, preparation, CT scan, radiography and morphometry. Results and conclussions: In infants and during the early and first childhood periods of human ontogenesis in the MS there are changes in both quantitative and qualitative nature. In infants (10 days – 1 year), maxillary sinuse is located more lateral to the basis of the lower nasal concha. In this period, it begins to form its lower wall, which in the form of a narrow strip invaginates into the alveolar process. The growth of the sinus is due to the protrusion of the external wall in the direction of the zygomatic bone. The wall of the maxillary sinuse is covered with mucosa (respiratory mucous membrane), which is lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium, which is located on the basement membrane. X-ray examination of maxillary sinuse in infants shows that it is a pear-shaped in the anterior projection. Clearly the following walls of the sinuses are visible: the upper, the lower, one, which is arched-shaped, the front and the median, which in lower part are crossed as arch to each other. Investigation of biological specimens of the maxillofacial area of the early childhood period (1-3 years) showed that maxillary sinuses in all specimens are determined more laterally to the basis of the lower nasal concha. Its vertical dimension is 7.5-8.0 mm, transverse – 5.7-6.0 mm, anterior-posterior – 13.9-14.5 mm. X-ray examination of maxillary sinuse in early childhood in the front projection shows that it has an oval shape. There are the following walls of the sinus: upper, lower, front and middle. The study of biological specimens of the facial area in the period of the first childhood (4-7 years) has been established that the configuration of maxillary sinuse is changing. All walls are determined, but the upper wall is rather short, and the front wall is narrow. The median wall has the most prominent development. On X-rays in the anterior projection, a slight extension of the maxillary sinuse is noted laterally. Therefore, one should thoroughly study the peculiarities of the development and structure of the walls of the maxillary sinuses in order to prevent the development of complications and to achieve the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the MS in an optimal term.

Treatment of giant follicular cyst of the upper jaw

Background. The article describes a clinical case of a successful surgical treatment of a large size follicular cyst pushing the anterior-inferior wall of the left maxillary sinus and the lower nasal concha, with the maxillary alveolar process osteoplasty. Clinical case description. According to the results of cone beam computed tomography, the size of the follicular cyst before the treatment was 45.423.339.7 mm. After the endodontic treatment, cystectomy, cystostomy, plastic surgery of the alveolar process of the upper jaw, the bone defect is reduced by two times, disconnected from the oral cavity. Conclusion. By the example of the presented clinical case, it has been shown that large jaw cysts require a multi-stage treatment with the participation of narrow specialists of related profiles.