A Bottom-Up Review of Image Analysis Methods for Suspicious Region Detection in Mammograms

Breast cancer is one of the most common death causes amongst women all over the world. Early detection of breast cancer plays a critical role in increasing the survival rate. Various imaging modalities, such as mammography, breast MRI, ultrasound and thermography, are used to detect breast cancer. Though there is a considerable success with mammography in biomedical imaging, detecting suspicious areas remains a challenge because, due to the manual examination and variations in shape, size, other mass morphological features, mammography accuracy changes with the density of the breast. Furthermore, going through the analysis of many mammograms per day can be a tedious task for radiologists and practitioners. One of the main objectives of biomedical imaging is to provide radiologists and practitioners with tools to help them identify all suspicious regions in a given image. Computer-aided mass detection in mammograms can serve as a second opinion tool to help radiologists avoid running into oversight errors. The scientific community has made much progress in this topic, and several approaches have been proposed along the way. Following a bottom-up narrative, this paper surveys different scientific methodologies and techniques to detect suspicious regions in mammograms spanning from methods based on low-level image features to the most recent novelties in AI-based approaches. Both theoretical and practical grounds are provided across the paper sections to highlight the pros and cons of different methodologies. The paper’s main scope is to let readers embark on a journey through a fully comprehensive description of techniques, strategies and datasets on the topic.

A Pipeline for Predicting the Treatment Response of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Using Single MRI Modality: Combining Deep Segmentation Network and Radiomics Analysis Based on “Suspicious Region”

Patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) who achieve a pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) typically have a good prognosis. An early and accurate prediction of the treatment response, i.e., whether a patient achieves pCR, could significantly help doctors make tailored plans for LARC patients. This study proposes a pipeline of pCR prediction using a combination of deep learning and radiomics analysis. Taking into consideration missing pre-nCRT magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as aiming to improve the efficiency for clinical application, the pipeline only included a post-nCRT T2-weighted (T2-w) MRI. Unlike other studies that attempted to carefully find the region of interest (ROI) using a pre-nCRT MRI as a reference, we placed the ROI on a “suspicious region”, which is a continuous area that has a high possibility to contain a tumor or fibrosis as assessed by radiologists. A deep segmentation network, termed the two-stage rectum-aware U-Net (tsraU-Net), is designed to segment the ROI to substitute for a time-consuming manual delineation. This is followed by a radiomics analysis model based on the ROI to extract the hidden information and predict the pCR status. The data from a total of 275 patients were collected from two hospitals and partitioned into four datasets: Seg-T (N = 88) for training the tsraUNet, Rad-T (N = 107) for building the radiomics model, In-V (N = 46) for internal validation, and Ex-V (N = 34) for external validation. The proposed method achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.829 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.821, 0.837) on In-V and 0.815 (95% CI, 0.801, 0.830) on Ex-V. The performance of the method was considerable and stable in two validation sets, indicating that the well-designed pipeline has the potential to be used in real clinical procedures.

Segmentation of Suspicious Region using GAN Based CNN in Brain MR Images

Generative Adversarial networks (GANs) are algorithmic architectures that use dual neural networks, pitting one in obstruction to the other (therefore the “opposing”) with a intent to produce new, artificial times of evidences that can avoid for real proofs. They are used significantly in image group. In the scope of therapeutic imaging, creating precise technical impulsive shots which are dissimilar from the Adversarial exact ones, signify an inspiring and esteemed goal. The consequential artificial pics are probably to expand analytical reliability , permitting for data augmentation in computer-aided estimation in addition to medic trial. There are optimistic hard states in producing unreal multi-collection awareness Magnetic Resonance (MR) photos. The main trouble being low difference MR photos, dynamic steadiness in attention framework, and private-series volatility. In this paper, we realization on Generative Networks (GANs) for generating artificial multi-series attention Magnetic Resonance (MR) images. This comprises snags largely as a result of small dissimilarity MR pictures, durable correctness in Brain composition, and private-series inconsistency. This effort proposes a kind novel GAN founded deep learning mark that syndicates GAN group, augmentation, detection and gathering of suspicious regions. The proposed stroke is measured with the aid of pictures developed from BRATS (Multimodal Brain Tumour Image Segmentation Challenge) and dataset IXI in 2015. The usefulness of the future process is added and the outcomes are discussed limited the paper..

Automatic segmentation of lesion from breast DCE-MR image using artificial fish swarm optimization algorithm

Interpreting Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (DCE) MR images for signs of breast cancer is time consuming and complex, since the amount of data that needs to be examined by a radiologist in breast DCE-MRI to locate suspicious lesions is huge. Misclassifications can arise from either overlooking a suspicious region or from incorrectly interpreting a suspicious region. The segmentation of breast DCE-MRI for suspicious lesions in detection is thus attractive, because it drastically decreases the amount of data that needs to be examined. The new segmentation method for detection of suspicious lesions in DCE-MRI of the breast tissues is based on artificial fishes swarm clustering algorithm is presented in this paper. Artificial fish swarm optimization algorithm is a swarm intelligence algorithm, which performs a search based on population and neighborhood search combined with random search. The major criteria for segmentation are based on the image voxel values and the parameters of an empirical parametric model of segmentation algorithms. The experimental results show considerable impact on the performance of the segmentation algorithm, which can assist the physician with the task of locating suspicious regions at minimal time.

Unsupervised Segmentation and Categorization of Skin Lesions Using Adaptative Thresholds and Stochastic Features

<p>This work presents a novel unsupervised method to segment skin<br />lesions in macroscopic images, grouping the pixels into three disjoint<br />categories, namely ’skin lesion’, ’suspicious region’ and ’healthy<br />skin’. These skin region categories are obtained by analyzing the<br />agreement of adaptative thresholds applied to the different skin image<br />color channels. In the sequence we use stochastic texture features<br />to refine the suspicious regions. Our preliminary results are<br />promising, and suggest that skin lesions can be segmented successfully<br />with the proposed approach. Also, ’suspicious regions’<br />are identified correctly, where it is uncertain if they belong to skin<br />lesions or to the surrounding healthy skin.</p>

SUSPICIOUS REGION DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION BASED ON INTRA-/INTER-FRAME ANALYSES AND FUZZY CLASSIFIER FOR BREAST MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death from cancer in Taiwan. In this paper, we propose a feature-based scheme composed of preprocessing, feature extraction and a fuzzy classifier for suspicious region detection and identification. In the preprocessing stage, we first extract regions of interest and then coarsely determine suspicious regions via candidate screening. Some features are extracted based on intra-slice, texture and inter-slice analysis techniques for suspicious region identification. Intra-slice analysis evaluates the intensity and size of suspicious regions. To find a precise region, we propose a region growing algorithm based on ellipse-based approximation. In texture analysis, some texture cues are extracted from spatial and wavelet domains and integrated as a combined texture feature by using a neural network. Inter-slice analysis is based on the continuity characteristic and consistency of a suspicious region's size; the objective is to verify the static behavior of suspicious regions. Several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cases are utilized to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. Experimental results demonstrate that our scheme can not only extract regions of interest but also identify tumors well from magnetic resonance images.