The Influence of Hand Washing Behaviour on Diarrhea Case in Pre-School Students of Ra Al-Aziziyah Mataram in 2019

The handwashing behavior is an activity conducted by a person to clean the palm for removing microorganisms. Unclean Palm Will Likely Increase The Risk Of Diarrhea Cases. The influence of handwashing on diarrhea in pre-school students of RA Al-Aziziyah Mataram in 2019. The research design used in this study is Cross-Sectional. The sample of this research is 60 pre-school students in which the sampling technique used is purposive sampling. This research was conducted on 15 - 21 of March 2019. The instrument in collecting the data is a questionnaire. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by using the chi-square test. Based on the research result, it is found that the sing value (2-tailed) is 0.01 à It Should Be < 0,05. There is a significant influence of handwashing behavior on diarrhea cases in pre-school students of Quran Al-Aziziyah Mataram 2019. A recommendation that can be conferred to parents is that they have to teach their children to maintain handwashing behavior competently that is appropriate with the seven steps and use soap to decrease diarrhea cases on children.

Characterization of Shiga Toxin 2a Encoding Bacteriophages Isolated From High-Virulent O145:H25 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) may cause severe disease mainly due to the ability to produce Shiga toxins (Stx) encoded on bacteriophages. In Norway, more than 30% of the reported cases with STEC O145:H25 develop hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and most cases, with known travel history, acquired the infection domestically. To describe phage characteristics associated with high virulence, we extracted the Stx2a phage sequences from eight clinical Norwegian O145:H25 STEC to conduct in-depth molecular characterization using long and short read sequencing. The Stx2a phages were annotated, characterized, and compared with previously published Stx2a phages isolated from STEC of different serotypes. The Norwegian O145:H25 Stx2a phages showed high sequence identity (&gt;99%) with 100% coverage. The Stx2a phages were located at the integration site yciD, were approximately 45 kbp long, and harbored several virulence-associated genes, in addition to stx2a, such as nanS and nleC. We observed high sequence identity (&gt;98%) and coverage (≥94%) between Norwegian O145:H25 Stx2a phages and publicly available Stx2a phages from O145:H25 and O145:H28 STEC, isolated from HUS cases in the USA and a hemorrhagic diarrhea case from Japan, respectively. However, low similarity was seen when comparing the Norwegian O145:H25 Stx2a phage to Stx2a phages from STEC of other serotypes. In all the Norwegian O145:H25 STEC, we identified a second phage or remnants of a phage (a shadow phage, 61 kbp) inserted at the same integration site as the Stx2a phage. The shadow phage shared similarity with the Stx2a phage, but lacked stx2a and harbored effector genes not present in the Stx2a phage. We identified a conserved Stx2a phage among the Norwegian O145:H25 STEC that shared integration site with a shadow phage in all isolates. Both phage and shadow phage harbored several virulence-associated genes that may contribute to the increased pathogenicity of O145:H25 STEC.

Cow's Milk and Egg Allergy Presented With Chronic Diarrhea, Case Report

Persistent diarrhea in infancy, is one of the most common complaints form of food allergies. When the patient's histories are not detailed, they can be easily overlooked and they are tried to be controlled with general gastroenteritis treatments. In this case report, cow's milk and egg allergy was mentioned which is detected by the symptoms of persistant diarrhea, iron deficiency anemia and growth retardation. In this respect, we aimed to emphasize that primary care physicians should evaluate food allergy in the differential diagnosis when they encounter infants and children with persistent diarrhea and growth retardation.

The sensitivity test of vibrio cholerae from isolation of diarrhea case to various type of antibiotics

One of the microbes that causes acute diarrhea is bacteria. Vibrio cholerae is one that causes diarrhea called cholera diarrhea. Cholera diarrhea is caused by enterotoxins produced by these bacterial colonies in the small intestine. Giving antibiotics is still the main choice in the treatment and treatment of diarrhea because it is expected to kill bacteria and will usually stop diarrhea. Irrational use and the existence of abuse and excessive use of antibiotics can be a factor that causes bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Tests carried out to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to an antibiotic. Vibrio cholerae isolate was regrowed in alkaline peptone (APW) water medium and incubated at 37ºC for 18-24 hours, then planted in the thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose (TCBS) medium. The sensitivity test was carried out on V. cholerae bacterial colonies growing on TCBS agar medium with the Disk Diffusion Method from Kirby Bauer. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that most V. cholerae isolates were still sensitive to all types of antibiotics used in the test. Vibrio cholerae has shown resistance to Colistin antibiotics that is equal to 88.2%, Ampicillin at 23.5% and Ceftazidime at 5.9%. The level of resistance to antibiotics that are still low indicates that the antibacterial group can still be used as an alternative in the treatment of cholera diarrhea.

Incidence and etiology of infectious diarrhea from a facility-based surveillance system in Guatemala, 2008–2012

Background Diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, yet incidence and etiology data are limited. We conducted laboratory-based diarrhea surveillance in Guatemala. Methods A diarrhea case was defined as ≥3 loose stools in a 24-h period in a person presenting to the surveillance facilities. Epidemiologic data and stool specimens were collected. Specimens were tested for bacterial, parasitic, and viral pathogens. Yearly incidence was adjusted for healthcare seeking behaviors determined from a household survey conducted in the surveillance catchment area. Results From November 2008 to December 2012, the surveillance system captured 5331 diarrhea cases; among these 1381 (26%) had specimens tested for all enteric pathogens of interest. The adjusted incidence averaged 659 diarrhea cases per 10,000 persons per year, and was highest among children aged < 5 years, averaging 1584 cases per 10,000 children per year. Among 1381 (26%) specimens tested for all the pathogens of interest, 235 (17%) had a viral etiology, 275 (20%) had a bacterial, 50 (4%) had parasites, and 86 (6%) had co-infections. Among 827 (60%) specimens from children aged < 5 years, a virus was identified in 196 (23%) patients; 165 (20%) had norovirus and 99 (12%) rotavirus, including co-infections. Among 554 patients aged ≥5 years, 103 (19%) had a bacterial etiology, including diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in 94 (17%) cases, Shigella spp. in 31 (6%), Campylobacter spp. in 5 (1%), and Salmonella spp. in 4 (1%) cases. Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium was infrequent (73 cases; 5%). Conclusions There was a substantial burden of viral and bacterial diarrheal diseases in Guatemala, highlighting the importance of strengthening laboratory capacity for rapid detection and control and for evaluation of public health interventions.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENDIDIKAN DAN STATUS EKONOMI IBU DENGAN KEJADIAN DIARE PADA BALITA DI PUSKESMAS SEKIP PALEMBANG TAHUN 2014

ABSTRACT Diarrhea is cause the number one of a death in the world. The united Nation Children’s Found (UNICEF) thinks about every 30 second there one a child die because diarrhea. Diarrhea disease still be a problem for society healthy in Indonesia well reviewed of morbidity and mortality ant the mark of deaths and “Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB)” that caused. Accrodin to WHO the mark of diarrhea illness 2010 is 411 patients per 1.000 population. The digit of death diarrhea is 14% from the digit of death over all. The purpose of this research to know a connection between education and mother economic status with toodler (children under 5 years old) diarrhea case at Puskesmas Sekip Palembang in February 2014. Desaign of this research to survey analitic by do coloser Cross Sectional in Accidental Sampling tehnic which one the variable who get research, include education and mothers economic status. The sampel in this research in 33 mothers who come by bring their toodler to MTBS Puskesmas Sekip Palembang at February 2014. Each variabel who get research, then get analysis by use analysis Chi-Square by decisios X² table (3,481). The result of this research show that the respondent by diarrhea as many is 15 respondent (45,5%) and didn’t diarrhea 18 respondent (54,5%). This of high education 13 repondent (39,4%) and less education is many as 20 respondent (60,6%), the respondent based to the high economic status as many as 13 respondent (39,4%). From statistic test Chi-Square show that, there a connection between education with diarrhea case in X² count = 4,313, and there a connection between mothers economic status with case diarrhea at X² count= 4,917. From the results of this study are expected to further improve health education, especially regarding the incidence of diarrhea in infants to mothers who have young children understand more about the incidence of diarrhea. ABSTRAK Diare adalah penyebab nomor satu kematian di dunia. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) memperkirakan bahwa setiap 30 detik ada anak meninggal karena diare. Penyakit diare masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia baik ditinjau dari angka kesakitan dan angka kematian serta kejadian luar biasa (KLB) yang ditimbulkan. MenurutWHO angka kesakitan diare pada tahun 2010 yaitu 411 penderita per 1000 penduduk. Angka kematian diare 14% dari angka kematian balita secara keseluruhan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pendidikan dan status ekonomi ibu dengan kejadian diare pada balita di Puskesmas SekipPalembang pada bulan Februari Tahun 2014. Desain penelitian ini adalah survey analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional dalam teknik Accidental Sampling dimana variableyang diteliti meliputi pendidikan dan status ekonomi ibu. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 33ibu yang datang membawa anak balitanya berobat ke MTBS puskesmas Sekip Palembang pada bulan FebruariTahun 2014. Masing-masing variabel yang diteliti kemudian dianalisa dengan menggunakan analisis Chi-Square dengan ketetapan X² Tabel (3,481). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa responden dengan diare sebanyak 15 responden (45,5%) dan tidak diare 18 responden (54,5%), responden berdasarkan pendidikan tinggisebanyak 13responden (39,4%) dan pendidikan rendah sebanyak 20 responden (60,6%), responden berdasarkan status ekonomi tinggi sebanyak 20 responden (60,6%) dan yang status ekonomi rendah sebanyak 13 responden (39,4%). Dari uji statistik Chi-Square menunjukkan ada hubungan antara pendidikan dengan kejadian diare pada X²hitung= 4,313, dan ada hubungan antara status ekonomi ibu dengan kejadian diare pada X²hitung= 4,917. Dari hasil penelitian ini diharapkan agar lebih meningkatkan penyuluhan kesehatan khususnya tentang kejadian diare pada balita agar ibu yang mempunyai balita lebih memahami tentang kejadian diare.

Climatic Factors in Relation to Diarrhea for Informed Public Health Decision-Making: A Novel Methodological Approach

BackgroundDiarrheal disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in children under 5 years of age. Factors related to diarrheal disease incidence include infection, malnutrition, and exposure to contaminated water and food. Climate factors also contribute to diarrheal disease.ObjectivesWe aimed to explore the relationship between temperature, precipitation and diarrhea case counts of hospital admissions among vulnerable communities living in a rural setting in South Africa.MethodsWe applied a novel approach of ‘contour analysis’ to visually examine simultaneous observations in frequencies of anomalously high and low diarrhea case counts occurring in a season and assigning colors to differences that were statistically significant based on chi-squared test results.ResultsThere was a significantly positive difference between high and low ‘groups’ when there was a lack of rain (0 mm of cumulative rain) for 1 to 2 weeks in winter for children under 5.Diarrhea prevalence was greater among children under 5 years when conditions were hotter than usual during winter and spring.DiscussionDry conditions may lead to increased water storage raising the risks of water contamination. Reduced use of water for personal hygiene and cleaning of outdoor pit latrines affect sanitation quality. Rural communities require adequate and uninterrupted water provision and healthcare providers should raise awareness about potential diarrheal risks especially during the dry season.