Sources of normative regulation of digitalization of public relations

The article is devoted to the analysis of sources of regulatory regulation of digitalization of public relations in the Russian Federation, foreign countries, at the international level (including draft legal acts, strategic planning documents). With this analysis, it is possible to identify prospects for the dynamics of the national rule of law, since these normative and programmatic acts reflect the State's policy in this area, indicating the level of understanding of the State of the problems that are present in this area.

House-Hold Safety Recommendations for COVID-19

Since COVID-19 has erupted as a pandemic worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 4,758,937 cases are confirmed and approximately 316,300 deaths are claimed. Therefore, every individual is confining himself in quarantine at home. As people are staying at home for about 3 months, house-hold precautions are important and should be followed to mitigate the proliferation of disease. Today, social distancing has become a national rule all over the world, so being eschewed is loving yourself. As the world is hit by the drastic pandemic, which has changed the entire pattern of living and everyone is in a tough situation. To help the community, it is necessary to have some guidelines and recommendations to opt regarding household functioning. Meanwhile, it is important to provide awareness and explicit misconceptions about coronavirus and COVID-19, also to clarify its symptoms, its ways of transmission, and its preventions. Moreover, to suggest house-hold recommendations for COVID-19, including health-care practices, hygiene-parameters, and transmission obstruction. Along with health-care suggestions for old-age persons, children, and most importantly for exposed individuals. Above all these usual discussed points, the choice of food is the prime need to live alive, when you are quarantining yourselves. Thus, choosing certain types of food are suggested to be added in your daily diet, to stay healthy. Hence, the practical implementation of all these recommendations is a core part of minimizing the spread of disease and remaining safe and healthy.

An Administrative Crack in the EU’s Rule of Law: Composite Decision-making and Nonjusticiable National Law

Composite administrative procedures – Exclusive jurisdiction of Union courts to review non-binding national preparatory acts – No jurisdiction of Union courts to enforce national law – Autonomy and uniformity of EU law – No judicial control possible of violation of domestic law by national authorities – National rule of law gap – Judicial review, effective judicial protection, and principle of administrative legality

Chinese Courts

This chapter explores the context, dynamics, methods, structure of the application of international law in Chinese courts and new roles that Chinese courts seek to play in the context of the rise of China. This chapter first discusses the implications of national courts on international rule of law and national rule of law by applying international law. It then examines the factors that are relevant to the application of international law by Chinese courts. More importantly, this chapter finds how Chinese courts, in order to enhance the rise of China, structurally apply international law, thereby showing the long-term judicial policy of China toward the application of international law. This chapter inform how national courts are organized and organize themselves to coordinate with other governmental organs to pursue public policies.

Fair and Equitable Treatment Between the International and National Rule of Law

Promoting the rule of law is a potentially strong legitimating narrative for international investment law. Illustrating the interlinkage, the ubiquitous ‘fair and equitable treatment’ (FET) standard embodies distinctly rule of law requirements. But these requirements remain open-textured and allow understanding their meaning in either more ‘international’ or ‘national’ way. An ‘international’ understanding – detached from the host State’s vision on how the rule of law should look like – should remain dominant. But I argue that decision-making under the FET standard should also involve a systematic engagement with how these requirements would be understood in the host State’s law and how they were complied with from that perspective. Whilst not determinative for establishing a breach, this assessment better respects the expectations of the parties, strengthens the persuasiveness of findings and helps enhance the national rule of law as a key contributor to the ultimate goal of investment protection – economic development.

Politic of Religious Pluralism in Indonesia: State and Future

This article which aimed at (1) describing religious pluralism as the context of “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika” (Unity in Diversity), (2) revealing prominent issues in politic of religious pluralism in Indonesia, and (3) analyzing prospect of political policy of religious pluralism in Indonesia, discusses some points of insights. First, religious pluralism is natural fact and socio-political consensus that be sociological basic of “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika” as national motto of Indonesia. Second, there are prominent issues linking to politic of religious freedom in Indonesia, namely: 1) inconsistence of governmental regulations against constitutional provisions on freedom of every citizen to follow any religion and worship according to his/her religion and faith, 2) strengthen of religious conservatism leading to violent extremism which shows ineffectiveness of state policies in preserving religious pluralism in Indonesia, and 3) politicking of religious identity and sentiment in electoral politics. Third, prospect of political policy on religious pluralism is functionally determined by working of three agenda; 1) formulation of regulation which is in line with basic norm of constitution, 2) abolition of discriminatory regulations in local level, and 3) formulation of national rule which intentionally prohibits politicking sentiment of ethnic, religion, race, and inter social group in electoral politics in Indonesia.

Politic of Religious Pluralism in Indonesia: State and Future

This article which aimed at (1) describing religious pluralism as the context of “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika” (Unity in Diversity), (2) revealing prominent issues in politic of religious pluralism in Indonesia, and (3) analyzing prospect of political policy of religious pluralism in Indonesia, discusses some points of insights. First, religious pluralism is natural fact and socio-political consensus that be sociological basic of “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika” as national motto of Indonesia. Second, there are prominent issues linking to politic of religious freedom in Indonesia, namely: 1) inconsistence of governmental regulations against constitutional provisions on freedom of every citizen to follow any religion and worship according to his/her religion and faith, 2) strengthen of religious conservatism leading to violent extremism which shows ineffectiveness of state policies in preserving religious pluralism in Indonesia, and 3) politicking of religious identity and sentiment in electoral politics. Third, prospect of political policy on religious pluralism is functionally determined by working of three agenda; 1) formulation of regulation which is in line with basic norm of constitution, 2) abolition of discriminatory regulations in local level, and 3) formulation of national rule which intentionally prohibits politicking sentiment of ethnic, religion, race, and inter social group in electoral politics in Indonesia.

Documents, Processes, Transactions: the European Digital Archival (R)Evolution

In Europe the Digital Archival Science is evolving, with regard to the ‘objects’ that we need to preserve (image-copies of the original documents, born-digital documents, video, data transactions), and with regard to tools and trusted services, regulated by EU laws (electronic signatures, seals, time stamps). However, we don’t have a pan-european Regulation for long-term preservation, and each Member State disciplines this service with a national rule. Italy and Slovenia have an excellent Services Accreditation procedure, based on regular audit performed respectively by Agenzia per l’Italia Digitale and Arhiv Republike Slovenije, that attest a high-level of quality and security, presence of qualified staff, trust service provider reliability and compliance with norms and standards.