Er:fiber-based femtosecond frequency comb stabilized to an Yb+ single-ion optical frequency standard

An erbium fiber-based femtosecond optical frequency comb stabilized to an Yb+ single-ion optical frequency standard was created. For the first time, a combination of an extra-cavity acousto-optic frequency modulator with fiber outputs and an intracavity electro-optic phase modulator based on a KTP crystal were used to stabilize offset frequency and one of the optical components of the Er:fiber femtosecond comb. As a result a locking bandwidth of 30 kHz for the optical comb offset frequency has been obtained. It is shown that the relative instability introduced by the stabilization and measurement systems into the output radio frequencies (in addition to the instability of the reference optical signal) is no worse than 5 × 10−14 for averaging times of 1 s and 2 × 10−16 for averaging times of 400 s.

A Field Concept of the Black Hole

A new perspective of the black hole BH is introduced. Based on the assumption that space and matter are fundamentally fields and governed by same deterministic quantum laws, the field dynamics is analyzed with classical (Newtonian) mechanics to argue that: i) the BH is not a singularity but Hawking’s ‘apparent horizon’; ii) the Schwarzschild BH does not exist; iii) the naked ‘singularity’ NS might not be ruled out in observational atomic and molecular emissions; iv) the Kerr-Newman black hole KBH functions to modulate and transform frequency of matter waves and re-orient same across the three particle-generations universes in perpetual energy re-cycles, no new creation but endless energy re-cycling; vi) the BH process is not thermodynamics but electrodynamics; vii) accretion is not random, it is motivated by a universal ‘aging’ process in which matter progresses from one symmetry group to another; viii) spatial alignment arises from universal diagonal orientation of constituent elements of intrinsic cubic geometry of nature’s periodic envelopes; ix) all spatial periodic envelopes are binaries, the causality is illustrated in some detail. It is suggested that a frequency modulator/transformer circuitry might be a better model for simulating the BH than thermodynamics.