FEATURES OF “DÊMÈN PHIÊU LU’U KÝ” BY TO HOAI IN VIETNAMESE-RUSSIAN AND VIETNAMESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Введение. Несмотря на то, что вьетнамская литература в целом не получила широкого международного признания, некоторые произведения писателей Вьетнама широко известны читателям по всему миру. Одним из таких общепризнанных литературных произведений является сказочная повесть То Хоая «Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký», переведенная на множество языков, в том числе на русский и английский. Цель – выявление особенностей перевода сказки То Хоая «Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký» на русский и английский языки. Материал и методы. Материалами исследования послужил оригинальный текст сказочной повести То Хоая «Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký» и его русско- и англоязычный переводы. В качестве методов исследования применялись общенаучные методы анализа, синтеза и обобщения, а также частнонаучные методы описания и сопоставления, наряду с методом стилистического анализа текста. Результаты и обсуждение. Переводы сказочной повести «Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký» на русский и английский языки могут служить иллюстрацией зависимости конечного результата перевода художественного текста от задач, решаемых переводчиками. Сопоставительный анализ ряда аспектов русской и английской версий исходного текста (перевод имен собственных, описание персонажей, передача элементов национальной культуры и быта, воспроизведение фольклорной составляющей) позволяет говорить о том, что русский переводчик при помощи ряда приемов персонифицирует персонажей, распространяет их описания, иногда домысливая за автором детали портретов и ситуаций. Тенденция к амплификации текста нарушается лишь в случае «подцензурных» фрагментов, смягченных с учетом его адресата. Еще одним решением переводчика является бережный перенос в русский текст, а иногда и намеренное усиление вьетнамского национального колорита, обусловленного вкраплениями в текст повести фольклорных фрагментов и безэквива лентной лексики. Английский перевод, в отличие от русского, строго следует за оригиналом и иногда излишне схематичен. Заключение. Сравнение русской и английских версий сказочной повести То Хоая «Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký» свидетельствует о принципиально различных стратегиях русского и английского переводчиков. Автор английского перевода строго следует за вьетнамским текстом или несколько его упрощает, доместицирует элементы национальной культуры. Русский переводчик нередко прибегает к амплификациям оригинала и подчеркивает вьетнамский колорит сказочной повести. Introduction. Though not being widely known abroad, Vietnamese literature managed to produce some texts enjoying vast popularity all around the world. One of such international masterpieces is “Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký” by To Hoai, which has been regarded as a classic children’s novel through seven decades. Up to now, “Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký” has been translated into more than 40 world languages including Russian and English. The book’s plot revolves around the adventures of a cricket in a world of animals and people, metaphorically introducing the ideas of good and evil, war and peace, ideals and life’s purpose in an insightful way. Aim and objectives. The purpose of the research is to analyze specific features of Russian and English versions of “Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký” by To Hoai. Material and methods. The research is based on 3 text sources: the Vietnamese original text of “Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký” by To Hoai, and its two versions: “Приключения кузнечика Мена” (transl. M. N. Tkachiov) and “Adventures of a Cricket” (transl. Dang Te Binh). The methods applied are general scientific (observation and description) and linguistic (text analysis, comparative analysis). Results and discussion. English and Russian versions of “Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký” may serve as an example of interdependence of the result of translation process and translator’s aims and objectives. Comparison of several aspects of the Russian and the English versions of the literary text (translation of proper names, description techniques, rendering of realia, transferring of folklore element) makes evident different translation techniques while translating the Vietnamese source text into the two languages. While the Russian interpreter emphasizes human features in animal characters and mainly amplifies description, having in mind younger audience, Dang Te Binh sticks to the Vietnamese original. One more distinctive feature widening the gap between the Russian and the English versions is visible intention of the Russian interpreter to emphasize Vietnamese flavor of the original text by deliberate foreignization of realia, preserving and even amplifying inserts of folk material. In this aspect, the English version, too, closely follows the Vietnamese text. Conclusion. Сomparative analysis of the two versions of To Hoai’s “Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký” shows two polar strategies of the Russian and the English interpreters. While Dang Te Binh’s version tends to stick to the source text and (in several utter cases) even simplifies it, the Russian interpreter chooses to amplify the Vietnamese text and underlines its ethnic affiliation.

Impact of the Orthodox Church upon the development of civil society in Russia

The subject of this article is the impact of Orthodox Church upon the development of civil society in Russia. The goal is to reveal the role of the Orthodox Church within the structure of Russian civil society, analyze the evolution of civil society in Russia, shed light on interaction between the government and civil society, and demonstrate what unites the Orthodox Church and civil society in Russia. The article leans on the “Fundamentals of Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church”, data of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation, public chamber of St. Petersburg, “Center for the Development of Nonprofit Organizations”, etc. The scientific novelty lies in disclosure of the role of Orthodox Church within the structure of Russian civil society; analysis of the evolution of civil society in Russia; clarification of the peculiarities of interaction between the government and civil society, as well as what unites the Orthodox Church and civil society in Russia. The conclusion is drawn that the role of Orthodox Church as the civil institution in political relations is defined by the following factors: 1) as the guardian of the highest religious values, the Church is the “sense of conscience” of the civil society; Church is the civil institution for defending the public interest; 3) Church is the interlink between the private and common interests, as well as ensures social integration; 4) Church is the guardian of not only personal faith, but collective identity as well. The religious majority tends to view their faith as a social “ethics”, while the religious minorities rather view it as ethnic affiliation.

Migration and the plurality of ethnic boundary work: A qualitative interview study of naming practices of migrants from former Yugoslavia in Germany

Most research on migration and ethnic boundaries is concerned with boundaries between a specific migrant minority and the ‘majority society’ in the destination country. However, migrant groups are not homogenous; within-group boundaries that are relevant in their context of origin may also play a role in the host context. Focusing on migrants from former Yugoslavia, we analyse the relevance of ethnic boundaries between Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats in Germany. We do so by interpreting migrant parents’ practices of first-name giving as instances of ethnic boundary work. In the case of migrants from former Yugoslavia, first names are a salient marker of ethnic affiliation. Based on 22 semi-structured interviews, we distinguish between three types of ethnic boundary work based on first-name giving. ‘Particularists ’ wish to express their ethnic affiliation via first names, and they maintain ethnic boundaries both towards the German majority society as well as other ethnic groups from former Yugoslavia. In contrast, ‘cosmopolitans’ reject names with specific ethnic references and base their choice on personal taste, often opting for international names, thereby rejecting ethnic boundaries towards other former Yugoslav groups. Finally, ‘negotiators’ stand in between. They blur boundaries towards the German majority society, but maintain boundaries towards other ex-Yugoslav ethnic groups. Overall, we find that ex-Yugoslav migrants’ strategies of ethnic boundary work are shaped by a multiplicity of reference groups, not just the relationship with the German majority society.

Community Based Disaster Preparedness: Need for a Standardized Training Module

One of the biggest challenges we face today is providing information on the risk of natural disasters and preparedness is crucial with the least damage. The goal is to help develop vitally important skills and enable them to make correct decisions in critical situations. Knowledge provides the best instrument for disseminating the information necessary to reduce disaster risks by implementing appropriate risk reduction measures. This study ascertains the level of disaster preparedness in case of emergency. The study used the descriptive-correlation design with 80 respondents. Questionnaires and interviews were employed. G-Power; Frequency counts and percentages; Mean; t-test; F- test or Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Kendall’s tau-b was used. Results revealed that the level of disaster preparedness and management in case of emergency is sometimes. Age, civil status, ethnic affiliation, and occupation affect disaster preparedness and management in case of emergency. Ethnic affiliation and occupation affect the relationship between disaster preparedness and management in case of emergency. Findings suggest that disseminate disaster risk reduction information at all levels, develop educational programs on disaster risk reduction; develop a safe behavior model and skills, and learning by doing is necessary to develop their knowledge and skills.

On the History and ethnogenesis of Salatavia and Western Dagestan (Prisulak) societies

This article examines the question of continuous presence of ethnic Chechens in the territory of historical region of Salatavia (the Republic of Dagestan), as well as substantial part of Western Dagestan (Prisulak regions), at the very least since the turn of the XIV – XV centuries and later. The author explores extensive material that is based on the documental, written and ethnographic sources of the XVIII – XXI centuries, as well as toponymy of the designated region – materials on the region of Salatavia, society Koisubu (Hindalal), Didoi (Tsezy), Andia, Gumbet, Ahvakh (Sada-Kilidu), Terek-Sulak interfluve (including Aukh and such centers as Endirey), coastal settlements of Sulak (Chir-Yurtsk), etc.. Based on the aforementioned sources, the author indicates the most considerable role and participation of Chechens in the ethnogenesis of population of these regions and settlements. The article traces the sequence of sources of the XIX – early XX centuries in reflection of ethnic affiliation of the local population and its closeness to the Chechens. Leaning on the data from various sources, the author reveals the Chechen origin of the first rulers of Salatavia from the privileged Sala-Uzdeni social class. The author determines the change in the ethnic balance of the region, which took place under the influence of various factors, including military and political. The conducted analysis  is proven by extensive bibliographical sources that testify to the ethnic commonality of the region throughout the early and late medieval periods. The author notes the migration of ethnic Chechens from Dagestan to Chechnya, perhaps under the pressure of other ethnoses during the XIV – XVI centuries. This process comes to an end by the time of Shamil’s rule. The research presents a fundamentally new perspective upon the ethnogenesis of the societies under review.

Formation and dynamics of attitudes towards refugees in Bulgaria

The wave of refugees to Europe after 2011 brought tens of thousands of immigrants to Bulgaria, and the society faced unexpected challenges. The aim of the present study is to establish what the attitudes of Bulgarians to refugees are like, what influences these attitudes, whether and how they change over time. The study is based on information collected in surveys in 2017 and 2019 and survey in areas with refugee accommodation centres. New in the article is that it not only reveals the attitudes and identifies their dependencies, but also traces the dynamics over time. The conclusion is that over time the sense of threat subsides and in the formation of the attitude to refugees more and more importance is given to social qualities, and not so much to religious, racial and ethnic affiliation.

The Multi-Layered Minority: Exploring the Intersection of Gender, Class and Religious-Ethnic Affiliation in the Marginalisation of Hazara Women in Pakistan

The Shia Hazaras in Pakistan are one of the most persecuted religious minorities. According to a 2019 report produced by the National Commission for Human Rights, a government formed commission, at least 509 Hazaras have been killed since 2013 (NCHR 2018: 2). According to one of the Vice Chairs of the Human Rights Commission Pakistan, the country's leading human rights watchdog, between 2009 and 2014, nearly 1,000 Hazaras were killed in sectarian violence (Butt 2014). The present population of Shia Hazaras is the result of three historical migrations from Afghanistan (Hashmi 2016: 2). The first phase of migration occurred in 1880 1901 when Abd al Rahman Khan came to power in 1880 in Afghanistan and declared war against the Hazaras as a result of a series of revolts they made against the regime.

A Multi-layered Minority: Hazara Shia Women in Pakistan

Shia account for approximately 10–15 per cent of the Muslim population in Pakistan, which has a largely Sunni Muslim population. Anti-Shia violence, led by extremist militant groups, dates to 1979 and has resulted in thousands killed and injured in terrorist attacks over the years. Hazara Shia, who are both an ethnic and a religious minority, make an easy target for extremist groups as they are physically distinctive. The majority live in Quetta, the provincial capital of Balochistan in central Pakistan, where they have become largely ghettoised into two areas as result of ongoing attacks. Studies on the Hazara Shia persecution have mostly focused on the killings of Hazara men and paid little attention to the nature and impact of religious persecution of Shias on Hazara women. Poor Hazara women in particular face multi-layered marginalisation, due to the intersection of their gender, religious-ethnic affiliation and class, and face limited opportunities in education and jobs, restricted mobility, mental and psychological health issues, and gender-based discrimination.

Quest for Identity: Re-Examining the Process of Federal Restructuring of the Nepali State

The agenda of restructuring the state has been the most deliberated issue for all intellectuals, political leaders and civil society activists in Nepal. The restructuring of Nepali state became a central component of the 2006 peace deal. Federalism was, however, included in the interim constitution as a binding principle for the Constituent Assembly on the verge of violent protests in the Tarai in 2007. The fundamental question during the Maoist insurgency remained whether federalism based on ethnic affiliation will be materialized. But after the Madhesh mutiny, the question that dominated the public discourse was whether “ethnic federalism” can be materialized as a mean to achieve more inclusive, institutionalized and sustainable democratic polity in Nepal. This article re-examines the process of federal restructuring of Nepali State on the backdrop of contemporary politics of identity.

Politics on Campus: Why do Students Join Campus Politics in Islamabad?

Education has been an extensively researched area as an important resource of political participation across the globe. However, politics on campus has been an under-researched in South Asia including Pakistan. This study was set forth to explore the factors responsible for the involvement of students in politics at the campus. The present study was conducted under positivist epistemology in three randomly selected public sector universities in Islamabad city, Pakistan. A sample of 396 proportionately selected male students was drawn from the selected universities. A self-constructed questionnaire was employed in the survey to collect the data. Alpha reliability of the subscales was calculated and found appropriate to use. Factors including peer suggestion, ethnic affiliation, academic environment, political culture, political socialization, perceived status and power deficit were tested to find out their association. The Pearson correlational analysis confirmed the association of all the variables. It can be concluded that all the above seven variables are persuading students to join politics on campus and participate in political activities.