The sentiments of the population in Vladimir Region during the Great Patriotic War

The article examines the mood of home front workers during the Great Patriotic War based on the materials of Vladimir region, a region that had its own specific features. The author draws attention to the change in the rear position of this territorial unit during the war. The sources for the analysis were archival documents, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, as well as documents of a memoir and epistolary nature. The study of Soviet propaganda during the indicated period draws attention to the transition from predominantly internationalist to patriotic slogans - a process that started at the very beginning of the war, with some precedents already in the last pre-war year. In the course of the study, the author identifies the ambiguous sentiments of the population in the rear in relation to the war and their living conditions. Attention is drawn to the fact that citizens had a negative perception of a number of actions of the authorities in the initial period of the war. The article tells the difficult situation in the rear during the battle for Moscow, a victory which to a large extent caused a turn in the mood of the majority of the population. An analysis of the letters of front-line soldiers and home front workers clearly reveals the fatalism of most of them, and their submissive adherence to their prescribed fate. At the same time, their letters show the hope for a quick victory over Nazism and the belief that their closest descendants would be able to build a bright future. Despite the predominantly patriotic statements, the example of the Vladimir region shows a critical attitude towards the Soviet government, not only on regional but also on central level. Still, one cannot but confirm that Soviet propaganda was very successful in consolidating the people during the war, which was of course facilitated by the policy of Nazi Germany both at the front and in the temporarily occupied territories.

CONTROL OF THE FORMATION OF DESTRUCTIVE PRECESSES IN THE GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING SYSTEM

В данной статье предлагается алгоритм контроля образования деструктивных процессов в геотехнических системах. Предлагаемый алгоритм на практике корректирует диапазон допустимых параметров геотехнической системы на основе комплексной обработки данных о внешних факторов и комбинаций реакций системы, построенного на основе теории бифуркаций. По результатам работы алгоритма происходит формирование оценки изменения состояния геотехнической системы. В статье так же описаны результаты практического применения разработанного алгоритма на основе данных геотехнического мониторинга (наблюдения осуществлялись с 2016 по 2021 год)параметров грунтового основания, а также физико-механических параметров элементов конструкций фундамента и сооружения. В качестве сооружения выступало трехэтажное здание, возведенное на кирпичном ленточном фундаменте. Объект исследования находится в г. Муроме Владимирской области. В ходе применения разработанного алгоритма были выделены наиболее уязвимые ключевые точки геотехнической системы в которых развиваются скрытые деструктивные процессы. Полученные результаты также подтверждаются результатами моделирования в ЛИРА-САПР напряжений в конструкции фундамента здания при изменении долей природной влажности верхних слоев грунта. Таким образом, хотя в решении задач геотехнического мониторинга и оценки устойчивости геотехнических систем существуем множество подходов, тем не менее постоянно возникающие за проектные ситуации, приводящие к возникновению аварий и катастроф техногенного и природного характера, показывают их не высокую эффективность. Поэтому, применение разработанного алгоритма актуально при прогнозировании устойчивости геотехнической системы за счет коррекции в динамическом режиме допустимых пределов варьирования физико-механических параметров устойчивости геотехнической системы, полученных в проектных расчетах. This article proposes an algorithm for controlling the formation of destructive processes in geotechnical systems. In practice the proposed algorithm corrects the range of acceptable parameters of the geotechnical system based on complex data processing on external factors and combinations of reactions of the system. It built on the basis of the theory of bifurcations. Based on the results of the algorithm, an assessment of changes is formed in the state of the geotechnical system. The article also describes the results of the practical application of the developed algorithm based on geotechnical monitoring data (observations were carried out from 2016 to 2021) of the parameters of the soil base, as well as the physical and mechanical parameters of the structural elements of the foundation and structure. The structure was a three-story building erected on a brick ribbon foundation. The object of the research is located in the city of Murom, Vladimir region. During the application of the developed algorithm, the most vulnerable key points of the geotechnical system were identified in which hidden destructive processes develop. The obtained results are also confirmed by the results of modeling in LIRA-CAD of stresses in the structure of the foundation of a building with a change in the proportion of natural humidity of the upper layers of the soil. Thus, although there are many approaches to solving the problems of geotechnical monitoring and assessing the stability of geotechnical systems, nevertheless, constantly emerging project situations that lead to accidents and catastrophes of a man-made and natural nature show their low efficiency. Therefore, the application of the developed algorithm is relevant when predicting the stability of the geotechnical system due to the correction in the dynamic mode of the permissible limits of variation of the physical and mechanical parameters of the stability of the geotechnical system obtained in the design calculations.

Corruption: A Youth View of the Problem

In the presented article, the author sets a goal to look at corruption through the prism of a youth perspective; to identify the existing attitude to the concept, causes and measures to combat corruption. The methodological basis of the study is the analysis of statistical data for 2020, taken from official sources; conducting an in-house survey among students of one of the universities of the Vladimir region and analyzing the results obtained. As a result, the author came to the conclusion that a special role in the formation of the younger generation's understanding of the essence of corruption is played by the mass media and the Internet; a sufficiently large number of young people interviewed are ready to resolve it in a difficult life situation with the help of corruption ties, if this is the last possible means; the most effective measure to counter corruption is tougher responsibility, and the most effective punishment is deprivation of the right to hold a certain position or engage in a certain activity.

Increasing the efficiency of investments on survey of abundant land for their return to agricultural us

The "“State program for the effective involvement of abundant agricultural land in the use and the development of the reclamation complex of the Russian Federation” for 2021–2030" assumes the return of 12 million hectares out of 44 million hectares of all abandoned agricultural land (AAL) in the Russian Federation. The costs of 12 million hectares survey can be considered productive, while the costs of surveying the remaining 32 million hectares should be considered unproductive. The application of the new geoinformation database of “Soils of agricultural lands of the Russian Federation” (DB SALRU) developed by the Federal Research Centre “V.V Dokuchaev Soil Sience Institute” allows reduction of unproductive costs. By the example of the Vladimir region, a typical Russian region with AAL, the option of ranking AAL by their quality was demonstrated to determine the order of their return to agricultural use. The soil quality criteria are the bonitet and the normative yield of grain crops, which are part of the DB SALRU. It is proposed to consider the expenditures on the survey of AAL for the soils, which are first to be returned to agricultural use, as productive costs. These soils occupy 25% of the AAL of the region. The best quality soils are characterized by more than 40 points of bonitet and the standard yield of grain crops of more than 20 centners/ha. The cost of surveying the lands of the first order of returning to agricultural use is 10 million 80 thousand rubles. Survey of AAL soils of II–IV orders of involvement in agricultural use, with relatively poor quality compared to the soils of the first order, is proposed to be conducted in the case of expansion of the State program in the future. This would save the unproductive expenses for the survey of AAL for the Vladimir region by 30 million 165.5 thousand rubles. The application of the proposed GIS-approach makes it possible to reduce unproductive expenses for the survey of AAL in the Russian Federation nearly by 5.600 million rubles.

Inheritance of Special Productivity Characters by Hybrids F1 of Spring Triticale in the Conditions of the Vladimir Region

The main method of breeding spring hexaploid Triticale is intravariety hybridization. At the same time, the effectiveness of breeding work depends on the correct selection of parental forms for crosses. However, the parental forms show different combining ability according to selective characteristics. In this regard, selection is more effective if it is based on information about their inheritance obtained through genetic analysis. The purpose of the research is to study the nature of inheritance of the main characteristics of productivity of the main ear (number of spikelets per ear, number of grains per ear, weight of grain per ear, weight of 1000 grains) hybrids of spring triticale F1 in agroecological conditions of the Vladimir region. The material of the study was 20 reciprocal hybrid combinations of spring triticale in comparison with the parental forms. To create hybrids of the first generation, four varieties of domestic selection and one Belarusian with high indicators of economically valuable traits were involved in hybridization. A different degree of phenotypic dominance has been established, which determines the type of inheritance of quantitative signs of productivity of the main ear. Reciprocal F1 hybrids differed in the degree of dominance from depression (negative overdominance) to heterosis (positive overdominance). The heterosis effect depended on which parental form was taken for the maternal, and which for the paternal. Hybrid F1 combinations with a high degree of overdominance of the main characteristics of the productivity of the main ear are identified: Lotas × Norman, Norman × Lotas, Norman × Grebeschok, Amigo × Grebeschok, Amigo × Norman.

ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ ПРОЕКТНЫЕ РАБОТЫ ШКОЛЬНИКОВ ПО ЯДЕРНОЙ ФИЗИКЕ НА ТЕМУ «АДИАЦИОННЫЙ МОНИТОРИНГ»

Анализируются некоторые результаты школьных исследовательских проектных работ по изучению мощности радиационного фона: во Владимирской области, московском метро и атмосфере при стратосферном полете. Обсуждаются методы повышения точности дозиметрических измерений: одновременное измерение несколькими дозиметрами при пространственном перемещении прибора и увеличение длительности измерений при локальных измерениях. Some results of school research works on studying the background radiation are analyzed: in the Vladimir region, in Moscow metro and in the atmosphere during stratospheric flight. Methods for improving the accuracy of dosimetric measurements are discussed: simultaneous measurement by several dosimeters during the spatial movement of the device and increasing the duration of measurements during local measurements.

The Initial Period of the Investigation of the Relief and Landscape of the Oka River Valley (the 19th Century — the 1940s)

Рассматриваются изданные с середины XIX века до 1940-х годов работы, посвященные физико-географическим исследованиям в пределах долины средней Оки в Рязанской области, юго-востока Московской области и юга Владимирской области. Отмечен повышенный интерес к вопросам четвертичной геологии и распределения высот в террасовом комплексе долины. Выделены достижения в области разработки вопросов типизации археологических памятников и геоморфологического районирования. Обозначены тенденции, существовавшие в распределении акцентов в физико-географических исследованиях региона за период с середины XIX века по 40-е годы ХХ столетия. Определены главные методологические черты исследовательской работы, осуществлявшейся ведущими и региональными научными физико-географическими школами в обозначенный период и предметом которой были современное состояние долинных геокомплексов средней Оки и их облик в древности. The article treats research works published in the period between the mid 19th century and the 1940s and devoted to the investigation of the Oka river valley in the Ryazan region, the southeast of the Moscow region and the south of the Vladimir region. The article underlines that the issues of quaternary geology and architecture of river terraces have been investigated by many researchers. The article analyzes works devoted to the classification of archeological and geomorphological structures. It investigates tendencies associated with geographic research of the region during the mid 19th century – the 1940s. It identifies major methodological characteristics of the research of the architecture of the Oka river valley performed by leading and local geographic societies.

Demonstration field experiment on testing nematode-resistant potato varieties in the Vladimir Region

The purpose of the research is a demonstration field experiment on testing nematode-resistant potato varieties on a collective farm in focal point of golden potato nematode (GPN).Materials and methods. A demonstration field experiment on testing 7 nematode-resistant and 2 susceptible potato varieties was performed in the village of Parakhino, Gus-Khrustalny District, Vladimir Region, in a small family garden with significant evidences of potato globoderosis. The family garden was divided into 27 plots. The plot area was 100 m2 . In spring and autumn, 500 cm3 soil samples were taken from each plot. The soil samples were studied by the flotation funnel method. In growing season, we measured the height of plants, counted the number of stems, estimated the color, considered the uniformity and projected coverage of grass stand of the soil, assessed the globoderosis development, and determined the number of female GPN and their development on plant roots. During the harvesting period, we took into account the number and weight of potato tubers (standard and nonstandard) in 25 plants on each plot and the number of plants on the plot, and determined potato yields. We calculated the biological and economic effectiveness of growing nematode-resistant potato varieties.Results and discussion. The demonstration field experiments of 7 nematode-resistant potato varieties using modern mechanized potato cultivation techniques in the globoderosis focus faced by high infective rate (pre-plant density of the GPN population was 9.7–10 thousand eggs and larvae per 100 cm3 of soil) showed that the nematode-resistant varieties of Saturna, Lady Rosetta, Lady Claire, Malinovka, Latonna, Skarb, Zhukovsky Ranny surpassed susceptible cultivar Udacha (standard) in biological effectiveness (57–85%), economic effectiveness (4.9–134%) and economic benefit (87–409%). In susceptible cultivars Udacha and Germes, the globoderosis development was above 53%. In the tested nematode-resistant cultivars, the globoderosis development was poorly expressed (15–26%). Nematode-resistant cultivars Lady Claire, Lady Rosetta and Saturna, which showed the highest levels of profitability, economic efficiency, and high rates of decrease in the GPN population density in the soil can be recommended for cultivation in the fields of the Rossiya agricultural company. Susceptible cultivar Germes, which has shown good performance in terms of economic effectiveness and benefit can be recommended for cultivation in the crop rotation fields of the Rossiya agricultural company. Nematode-resistant cultivars Malinovka, Skarb, Latonna and Zhukovsky Ranny, which showed less economic effectiveness and benefit as compared to potato varieties for chips can be recommended for cultivation in private plots if cultivated using modern technology.

Assessment of the state of soils of uncultivated agricultural lands by indicators of enzymatic activity, humus and heavy metals

Studies were conducted to determine such indicators as humus, heavy metals, and enzymatic activity in the soils of uncultivated farmlands of the Vladimir region located in the Klyazma river basin. In the course of field research in 2018, soil samples were selected at 13 points representing various landscape areas belonging to the Klyazma river basin. According to the results of research, a positive relationship between the activity of soil enzymes and the content of humus was established. In the soils of uncultivated farmland, where there is a high concentration of soil enzymes, a high percentage of humus was found from 2.88% to 3.96%. The dependence between the indicators of activity of soil enzymes and anthropogenic impact was revealed. Thus, the transition from deposits to the meadow, i.e. reduce anthropogenic impact on the soil, there is a sharp increase in the activity of soil invertase, catalase and dehydrogenase, an active process of humification of soil. The detected concentrations of heavy metals in soil samples of uncultivated farmland do not exceed the standards set for the approximate permissible concentrations, but their quantitative content has increased significantly over the past decade, their accumulation occurs and there is a potential danger in the case of secondary input of these soils into agricultural use.