INSTITUTIONAL MODEL OF COCOA PRODUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Since the last 20 years, discussions about Indonesia's position and role in the International cocoa trade have attracted the interest of experts and scientists, not only those in the field of agribusiness and economics, but also able to attract the interest of scientists in the institutional field. This study analyzes how the institutional role in the development of cocoa production through interpretative structural modeling (ISM) analysis approach, with the research location of North Luwu Regency of South Sulawesi. The results of the ISM analysis showed that out of the 13 institutions analyzed, there were nine institutions as priority actors in the development of cocoa production, namely: ((1) Joined Farmer group, (2) Local office for extension services (BP4K), and (3) Extension Officer (4) Private companies, (5) Center for Research/Universities, (6) Local Office for Agriculture and Plantation services, (7) Cocoa Development Center/CDC, (8) Local office for Trade, Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises, and (9) Cocoa Marketing Institute. Furthermore, based on the results of the power-dependent driver matrix mapping, there are three institutions in independent positions, and six other institutions in the linkage position. The six institutions in this linkage position, must be coordinated through effective management, because in addition to affecting the success of the program, feedback can also hinder the development of cocoa production. One of the institutions in the linkage position, namely private companies occupies a key priority position in the development of cocoa production.

The impact of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall glycosylation on langerin recognition and Langerhans cell activation

Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections. It remains incompletely understood how skin-resident immune cells respond to S. aureus invasion and contribute to an effective immune response. Langerhans cells (LCs), the only professional antigen-presenting cell type in the epidermis, sense S. aureus through their pattern-recognition receptor langerin, triggering a pro-inflammatory response. Langerin specifically recognizes the β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (β-GlcNAc) modification, which requires the glycosyltransferase TarS, on the cell wall glycopolymer Wall Teichoic Acid (WTA). Recently, an alternative WTA glycosyltransferase, TarP, was identified in methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains belonging to clonal complexes (CC) 5 and CC398. TarP also modifies WTA with β-GlcNAc but at the C-3 position of the WTA ribitol phosphate (RboP) subunit. Here, we aimed to unravel the impact of β-GlcNAc linkage position for langerin binding and LC activation. In addition, we performed structure-binding studies using a small panel of unique chemically-synthesized WTA molecules to assess langerin-WTA binding requirements. Using FITC-labeled recombinant human langerin and genetically-modified S. aureus strains, we observed that langerin similarly recognized bacteria that produce either TarS- or TarP-modified WTA. Furthermore, using chemically-synthesized WTA, representative of the different S. aureus WTA glycosylation patterns, established that β-GlcNAc is sufficient to confer langerin binding. Functionally, tarP-expressing S. aureus induce increased cytokine production and maturation of in vitro-generated LCs compared to tarSexpressing S. aureus. Overall, our data suggest that LCs are able to sense all β-GlcNAc-WTA producing S. aureus strains, likely performing an important role as first responders upon S. aureus skin invasion.

N-Rich Electron Acceptor: Triplet Harvesting in Multichromophoric Pyridoquinoxaline and Pyridopyrazine-Based Organic Emitters

<p></p><p>Control of nonradiative deactivation of triplet states and tuning the singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔE_ST) are the major challenges to develop materials exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP). Herein, we propose a new class of multichromophoric tridonor-acceptor (D₃-A) compounds with rigid and flexible π-spacer having N-rich pyridoquinoxaline (PQ) and pyridopyrazine (PZ) acceptor core, respectively. The molecule with carbazole (Cz) donors at <i>meta</i> to quinoxaline (QX) nitrogen of rigid PQ core exhibits TADF. Whereas, the variation of the linkage position of Cz to PQ as well as twisted and flexible PZ core show predominantly RTP due to relatively higher singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔE_ST). Increasing the donor strength with phenoxazine (PO) in PZ system leads to simultaneous TADF and RTP. Further, we demonstrate the promising scope of all-organic triplet harvesting materials in solid-state security encryption.</p><br><p></p>

N-Rich Electron Acceptor: Triplet Harvesting in Multichromophoric Pyridoquinoxaline and Pyridopyrazine-Based Organic Emitters

<p></p><p>Control of nonradiative deactivation of triplet states and tuning the singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔE_ST) are the major challenges to develop materials exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP). Herein, we propose a new class of multichromophoric tridonor-acceptor (D₃-A) compounds with rigid and flexible π-spacer having N-rich pyridoquinoxaline (PQ) and pyridopyrazine (PZ) acceptor core, respectively. The molecule with carbazole (Cz) donors at <i>meta</i> to quinoxaline (QX) nitrogen of rigid PQ core exhibits TADF. Whereas, the variation of the linkage position of Cz to PQ as well as twisted and flexible PZ core show predominantly RTP due to relatively higher singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔE_ST). Increasing the donor strength with phenoxazine (PO) in PZ system leads to simultaneous TADF and RTP. Further, we demonstrate the promising scope of all-organic triplet harvesting materials in solid-state security encryption.</p><br><p></p>

Automatically Full Glycan Structural Determination with Logically Derived Sequence Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Here we show the full structures of glycans, including diastereomers and anomericity of each monosaccharide and linkage position of each glycosidic bond, can be determined using tandem mass spectrometry guided by a logically derived sequence (LODES). This new method provides de novo oligosaccharide structural identifications with high sensitivity and was applied to automatically in situ structural determination of the oligosaccharides eluted by high performance liquid chromatography. We showed that the structure of a given trisaccharide from trisaccharide mixture and bovine milk were determined from near three thousand isomers by using six to seven logically selected CID spectra. The entire procedure of mass spectrum measurement guided by LODES can be programmed in computer for automatically full glycan structural identification, a goal that remains a great challenge in glycan analysis.

Automatically Full Glycan Structural Determination with Logically Derived Sequence Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Here we show the full structures of glycans, including diastereomers and anomericity of each monosaccharide and linkage position of each glycosidic bond, can be determined using tandem mass spectrometry guided by a logically derived sequence (LODES). This new method provides de novo oligosaccharide structural identifications with high sensitivity and was applied to automatically in situ structural determination of the oligosaccharides eluted by high performance liquid chromatography. We showed that the structure of a given trisaccharide from trisaccharide mixture and bovine milk were determined from near three thousand isomers by using six to seven logically selected CID spectra. The entire procedure of mass spectrum measurement guided by LODES can be programmed in computer for automatically full glycan structural identification, a goal that remains a great challenge in glycan analysis.