A one health approach to investigating an outbreak of alimentary tick-borne encephalitis in a non-endemic area in France (Ain, Eastern France): a longitudinal serological study in livestock, detection in ticks, and the first TBE virus isolation and molecular characterization

Tick borne encephalitis virus geographic range and human incidence is increasing throughout Europe, putting a number of non-endemic regions and countries at risk of outbreaks. In spring 2020, there was an outbreak of TBE in Ain, Eastern France, where the virus had never been detected before. All patients but one had consumed traditional unpasteurized raw goat cheese from a local producer. We conducted an investigation in the suspected farm using an integrative One Health approach. Our methodology included (i) the detection of virus in cheese and milk products, (ii) serological testing of all animals in the suspected farm and surrounding farms, (iii) an analysis of the landscape and localisation of wooded area, (iv) the capture of questing ticks and small mammals for virus detection and estimating enzootic hazard, and (v) virus isolation and genome sequencing. This approach allowed us to confirm the alimentary origin of the TBE outbreak and to witness in real time the seroconversion of recently exposed individuals and the excretion of virus in goat milk. In addition, we identified a wooded focus area where and around which there is a risk of TBEV exposure. We provide the first TBEV isolate responsible for as a source of dietary contamination in France, obtained its full-length genome sequence, and found that it does not cluster very closely neither with the isolate circulating in Alsace nor with any other isolate within the European lineage. TBEV is now a notifiable human disease in France, which should facilitate surveillance of TBEV incidence and distribution throughout France.

ESPACE BOISE DE LECOFERME DE LOKOLI (SINEMATIALI, NORD DE LA COTE DIVOIRE) : UN CAS DE COMPENSATION ECOLOGIQUE

When ecosystems are well managed, they are carbon sinks. The objective of this study is to know the state of the plant biodiversity of the wooded area of the Lokoli Ecofarm and its contribution to the regulation of the climatic regime, with a view to better conservation decision-making.A floristic inventory made it possible to determine the diversity and the floristic composition of the ligneous plants in the different Ecofarm habitats. Dendrometric measurements were carried out to determine the structural profile and the sequestered carbon stock of each habitat. The floristic study made it possible to identify 63 woody species divided into 251 classified into 22 families. The open forest has proven to be the richest in species and the most diverse. The structure in diameter classes reveals that the different biotopes are dominated by young tree stems, with a strong tendency to regenerate. The amount of carbon contained in the total biomass was found to be greater in the fallow (8.87 t / ha) than in the open forest (6.53 t / ha) and savannah (6.88 t / ha). The sequestered atmospheric carbon is estimated at 108.98 t / ha in total, for an economic value varying from 27,799.34 to 124,279.41 euros depending on the different carbon markets. In addition, this study showed that fallow significantly contributes to increasing the carbon sequestration potential of the Ecofarm.

Colour Preference of the Deer Ked Lipoptena fortisetosa (Diptera: Hippoboscidae)

Lipoptena fortisetosa, a deer ked native to Japan, has established itself in several European countries and was recently recorded in Italy. This hippoboscid ectoparasite can develop high density populations, causing annoyance to animals and concern regarding the potential risk of transmitting pathogens to humans. No monitoring or control methods for L. fortisetosa have been applied or tested up to now. This research evaluated the possible response of L. fortisetosa winged adults to different colours as the basis for a monitoring and control strategy. In the summer of 2020, a series of six differently coloured sticky panels were randomly set as traps in a wooded area used by deer for resting. The results indicated a clear preference of the deer ked for the blue panels that caught the highest number of flies during the experimental period. Lower numbers of flies were trapped on the red, green, black, and white panels, with the yellow panels recording the fewest captures. The response clearly demonstrates that this species displays a colour preference, and that coloured traps might be useful for monitoring and limiting this biting ectoparasite in natural areas harbouring wildlife and visited by people.

Soil respiration and its relationship with litter contributions in a wooded mountain soil

ABSTRACT Soil respiration in forest ecosystems is considered to be the second most important carbon flux between the biosphere and the atmosphere. In tropical forests, the factor that most influences soil respiration is the temporal variation in temperature, and in water content or precipitation; the soil temperature is relatively constant. The behavior of the RS was established, and this ecological process was estimated and modeled for a tropical mountain forest in the State of Hidalgo, Mexico. It has contributed to strengthening the theoretical framework for the restoration and ecological conservation of this forest, considered a National Park, this has been the main objective of this work. Its relationship with the climatic parameters and factors that regulate CO2-soil-atmosphere fluxes in an annual cycle was analyzed. The daytime respiratory rate was slightly higher (average of 3.54 tmCO2/ha) than the nocturnal one (average of 3.35 tmCO2/ha), depending on the ambient temperature and the climatic conditions. The humic acid found in the soils was classified for the mountainous wooded area of the Chico National Park. Andosols are humic soils and humic acids were classified predominantly as type A. According to the results obtained, with only one year of evaluation, it should be noted that it is necessary to carry out a greater number of evaluations, at least during a period of 5 to 10 years and for different seasonal periods, in order to strengthen the responses found for this ecosystem.

Complete Enclosure of Stunted Trees to Study Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Birch-Invaded Peatland

<p>Ombrotrophic, naturally open peatlands are increasingly susceptible to invasion by scrub and trees due to human disturbance, N deposition and climate change. There is limited research on the effect these trees have on ecosystem functions and their removal can be costly, making decisions over best management practice challenging. The adverse growing conditions associated with many of these peatlands can result in stunted tree growth meaning that complete enclosure of a tree remains a practical possibility. In this study we aim to quantify the CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes from whole trees growing on a disturbed peatland and assess their significance relative to the fluxes between the vegetated peat surface and atmosphere. We also aim to identify if the establishment of trees impacts CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes from the vegetated peat surface, as compared to adjacent uninvaded peatland.</p><p>We have developed a removable chamber capable of enclosing whole trees of up to 3 metres high, making it suitable for use on juvenile or stunted trees. Being able to enclose an entire tree removes potential errors caused by estimating whole tree fluxes by upscaling measurements from a subsample of tree surfaces. The chamber is constructed with a transparent membrane and removable cover so that light and dark measurements can be taken. We use the chamber to take CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> flux measurements on a site with approximately 20-year-old silver birch trees (Betula pendula) of an average height of 2-3 metres. Flux measurements have been taken from the trees and ground collars at different times of year. We have also studied diurnal variation.</p><p>Our initial results have shown that the trees on our site are emitters of CH<sub>4</sub>, although this emission is small in comparison to that produced by the rest of the habitat. The vegetated peat surface in the wooded area had lower CH<sub>4</sub> emission but reduced CO<sub>2</sub> uptake as compared to the open area. The diurnal study on one tree indicates that methane emissions increase at night. A further diurnal study is planned to explore this further. This study extends the limit on the size of vegetation that can be sampled by a manually operated flux chamber.</p>

Prevalence and monitoring of ixodid ticks in the western region of Ukraine

Ixodes ricinus is the most common tick in Europe, distributed almost throughout the continent, except the northern regions. Dermacentor reticulatus is a widespread species of tick in Europe and Western Asia. The study included monitoring the distribution density and seasonal activity of ticks D. reticulatus and I. ricinus in the natural environment during 2018-2019. A total of 1592 D. reticulatus ticks and 712 I. ricinus ticks were collected in Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk and Lviv oblasts. There was a tendency to increasing of the number of ticks of both species in 2019 compared to 2018. The largest number of ticks was collected in autumn 2019, during the autumn peak of activity, which amounted to 710 adult ticks. Thus, the average density of ticks of both species collected in the Ternopil region was 40 ticks/1000 m2, in Ivano-Frankivsk – 32 and 45 in Lviv regions in 2018 and 62, 46 and 63 ticks/1000 m2 in 2019, respectively. In the spring of 2018, almost twice as many adult ticks of D. reticulatus were detected as in the fall in all areas. With regard to I. ricinus ticks, we did not observe a statistically significant difference in seasonal activity. In the spring and autumn, two peaks of ticks’ activity were registered in all regions and the average number of ticks in the spring in the meadows was 20 ticks/1000 m2, and on the wooded area – 39 ticks/1000 m2, and in autumn – 17 and 41 ticks/ 1000 m2 respectively. During both years and in all three oblasts, females prevailed over males during all the period. Although the density of ticks of both species in all areas was quite high, but the ticks were unevenly distributed. The largest number of D. reticulatus ticks was found in the Lviv region in 2019, which ranged from 46 to 119 ticks/1000 m2. Low and medium density of adult ticks D. reticulatus and I. ricinus, from 11 to 77 ticks/1000 m2 was observed in Ivano-Frankivsk region in 2018. Throughout the study period, the seasonal activity of D. reticulatus and I. ricinus ticks was significantly affected by air temperature, which fluctuated during collection of ticks.

Environmental Health Diagnosis in a Park as a Sustainability Initiative in Cities

Environmental health diagnosis was made in a sport and recreational park in the city of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. The objective of this research was to perform an environmental diagnosis in Tucson Park; it concentrated on air quality (fine and coarse particulate matter, carbon dioxide), environmental noise, water quality of springs and a pond according to national standards, and macroinvertebrates as biological indicators of water condition, as well as phytosanitary state of wooded area. Additionally, a survey was conducted to study environmental perception. Results of the study highlighted significant statistical differences concerning the amount and size of particles for the winter and spring seasons. Noise levels within the park premises exceeded the Mexican standard. Water quality measured through general criteria of integrated water quality index (WQI) qualified the park´s analyzed springs as acceptable but to abstain its use and human consumption. Finally, the perception survey identified insecurity as the major problem, followed by the lack of lighting and effective communication of courses and workshops for the community to attend. It is one of the first environmental diagnoses in sport parks in Mexico´s Metropolitan Areas as an integrated approach of ecosystem health and wellbeing of city inhabitants.

PENDUGAAN KANDUNGAN KARBON TEGAKAN AKASIA (Acacia mangium WILD) BERBASIS BEF DI PT INHUTANI III SEBUHUR KALIMANTAN SELATAN

The purpose of this research is to estimate the potential of carbon in the standing of Acacia mangium Willd in Areal PT INHUTANI III Sebuhur of South Kalimantan. The research method of using the ALOS satellite imagery is georectification so that the image position corresponds to the actual position in the field and to see the uniformity of the sample in the NDVI, a descriptive statistical test in the respective NDVI and Klas diameter. Based on the NDVI classification on Citra Alos in 2012, the land area of the wooded area of PT INHUTANI III Sebuhur is 8,183.18 ha. Results Biomass Expansion Factor (BEF) based on 4 klas diameter with polynomial equation Y =-0.0057 X2 + 0.014 x + 1.2623; R ² = 0.9621 is a klas 5 – 10 diameter in the total of 1,272, Klas, 10 – 15 diameter in total 1.263, klas, in diameter 15 – 20 in total 1.258 and Klas > diameter 20 totalnya1,226. The result of total carbon potential in wooded areas of PT INHUTANI III Sebuhur is 31,497.11 ton/Ha, so the average carbon potential of 3.8489 Ton/Ha. Meanwhile, the potential carbon (ton/ha) based on NDVI 2-7 according to the logarithmic equation Y = 4.7925 ln (X)-2.0321; R ² = 0.9167, with Y is the potential carbon ton/ha and X is NDVI Klas is Klas NDVI 2 1.0462 tons/ha, Klas NDVI 3 of 3.7918 tons/ha, Klas NDVI 4 of 4.7479 tons/ha, Klas NDVI 5 of 4.7213 tons/ha, Klas NDVI 6 of 7.0632 tons/ha, and Klas NDVI 7 of 5.2875 ton/ha.

IOT Based Forest Fire Prediction and Detection

In recent days, satellite-based surveillance gadget is used to notice wooded area hearth however this works when fireplace is unfold in the massive area. So these methods are no longer efficient. According to a survey, about 80% losses are accumulated in the woodland due to the late detection of fire. To overcome this two, we proposed a new method to predict and the fire at early stages . In our proposed method the hardware kit with temperature and humidity sensor is connected to the PC and it is deployed in many places in the forest area. The PC is connected with the Internet . The details collected using sensor is upload with the fixed interval time. Then this data is uploaded to the cloud application. If the forest temperature is increased abnormally this will detect send notification to the forest authorities then the fire alarm will rung .It can also predict the fire that will be occur in future by using machine learning . This is done by using KNN algorithm. This can be used in all kind of forest and considering the effectiveness of the sensors it be also used in industrial areas.