In-Vitro Antidiabetic Effect of Ziziphus mucronata Leave Extracts

Background: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to the body’s inability to produce insulin or inaction of the produced insulin or a combination of both. One antidiabetic therapeutic approach is to reduce gastrointestinal glucose production and absorption through the inhibition of carbohydrate digesting enzymes such as alpha-amylase as well as through the inhibition of hemoglobin glycosylation. Objective: This study sets out to evaluate the in vitro antidiabetic activity of Ziziphus mucronata extracts for their effect on alpha-amylase and glycosylation of hemoglobin. Methods: Successive gradient maceration of Z. mucronata leaves were carried out using Hexane, Acetone, Methanol and separately with water to obtain four (4) extracts labelled HE, AE, ME, and WE respectively. These were subjected to in vitro studies for their inhibitory effect on alpha-amylase and hemoglobin glycosylation, Standard laboratory methods were used to screen for phytochemicals of the most potent extract. Results: The result showed that AE, ME and WE extract exhibited a dose-dependent increase in percentage inhibition of both alpha-amylase and hemoglobin glycosylation. However, on a stricking note, the AE showed a more potent data result with percentage (%) potency of 71.02 at 1mg/ml, the lowest glucose concentration (of 25mg/ml) at 0.242nm as well as the highest hemoglobin glycosylation inhibitory mean concentration of 3.663nm after 72 hours. The AE of Z. mucronata (the most potent) revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinone, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponin, tanins and terpenoids. Conclusion: Thus, the Acetone extract is more likely to give a lead antidiabetic drug molecule of drug when further explored; which somewhat justify the folkloric claims of Z. mucronata leave as an antidiabetic. Keywords: Heamoglabin glycosylation, Alpha-amylase enzymes, Inhibition, Glucose.

UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS Analysis on Canthium Coromandelicum Stem

A rapid ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with crossover triple quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC- ESI -QTOF-MS/MS) method has been developed for the identification of debasement products. According to the distinctive fragmentation patterns, the presence of 79 compounds with retention time between 1.05 to 26.81 minutes was found. In Canthium coromandelicum stem, 22 amino acids, 10 fatty acids, 6 alkaloids, 6 steroids, 2 flavonoids, 2 terpenoids, 2 phenolic, 4 lipids, 3 anthraquinone glycosides, sugars, vitamins were distinguished. These outcomes demonstrated that the contemporary technique has been utilized for quality control of Canthium coromandelicum, exceptionally for recognizable proof, verification and portrayal in medication arrangements.

Antioxidant Activity and In-Silico Study of Anthraquinone Glycosides Extracted from Cassia Fistula Against the Main Protease (7BUY) In SARS-COV2

With the spreading of Covid-19 and seeking for a drug that helps people around the world to cure this disease.In this article, we used a plant(Cassia fistula) which is rich in anthraquinone glycosides to control the causative agent. Anthraquinone was extracted from Cassia fistula pods using alcohol method.Antioxidant activity of the extracted anthraquinone was analysed by using hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay.The best inhibition assay was 70% at100mg/mlconcentration. The docking study introduced atheoretical explanation for an interaction between two types of anthraquinone glycosides (rhein and aloe-emodin) in Cassia fistula against the main protease (7BZ5) in SARS-COV-2 virus, which gave a good binding energy score as -5.36491489 and -5.48040009 for rhein and aloe-emodin, respectively.

Phytochemical Profiling, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Effects of Seven Indian Morinda Species

Background: The fruits, leaves and roots of Morinda species are used in the treatment of inflammations, cancers, diabetes, psychiatric disorders, bacterial and viral infections. However, no study has been conducted on chemical profiling, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of leaves of seven Indian Morinda species. Aim: The study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of methanol extract of seven Indian Morinda species. Material and Methods: The total contents of iridoids, flavonoids, anthraquinone glycosides, triterpenoids, lignans and coumarins from methanol extract of each species was determined by using different established protocols. Anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extracts of each species was evaluated by using carrageenan and CFA-induced arthritis in male Wistar albino rats. In vivo antioxidant activity was determined by estimating the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and malondialdehyde in liver and kidney homogenates of male Wistar rats. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of all seven species was determined by using microdilution method against selected microbes. Results: Different values of total contents of iridoids, flavonoids, anthraquinone glycosides, triterpenoids, lignans, and coumarins were achieved from methanol extract of leaf of M. umbellata, M. jasminoides, M. reticulata, M. parvifolia and M. persicaefolia. Potent anti-inflammatory effect was demonstrated (carrageenan-induced paw oedema model) by methanol extract of leaves of M. umbellata eat 50 mg/kg dose. Similarly, M. umbellata methanol extract showed maximum antiarthritic effect against CFA-induced arthritis on 17th day (p.o.). Maximum SOD levels in liver and kidney homogenates were increased by the methanol extract of M. persicaefolia. The catalase concentration was enhanced by the methanol extract of M. jasminoides. GSH level was raised by the methanol extract of leaves of M. umbellata but M. royoc reduced the levels of MDA in treated animals. The methanol extract of M. parvifolia leaves displayed maximum antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae. M. persicaefolia methanol extract showed strongest antifungal activity against P. chrysogenum. Conclusion: The methanol extract of leaves of M. jasminoides, M. reticulata, M. parvifolia, M. umbellata and M. persicaefoli showed promising anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects in studied experimental models.

A Review on Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz (Dhatki): Ayurvedic, Folk and Modern Uses

Woodfordia fruticosa kurz is an herbal plant that belongs to the family Lythraceae. This plant is widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of India, Sri Lanka, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan and Pakistan. The plant possesses a long history of medicinal use. The flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa are recorded to possess potent therapeutic values. The various phytochemicals isolated from this plant are tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinone, glycosides and polyphenols. The extract of flowers and leaves are associated with useful therapeutic activities. These phytochemical compounds have many pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, antiulcer, immunomodulatory, antifertility and anti-tumor. These pharmacological activities of Woodfordia fruticosa plant are also mentioned in the literature of ayurveda, yunani and other traditional systems of medicine. This review is intended to provide brief information on the plant Woodfordia fruticosa on the basis of chemical constituents, folk usage, ayurvedic usage, modern usage and its biological activities. Keywords: Woodfordia fruticosa, antimicrobial, Ayurvedic, flavonoids, Octacosanol

A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water

Rheum tanguticum is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which contains abundant anthraquinones. In this study, anthraquinones were efficiently extracted from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water extraction (SWE). The parameters of extraction time (33–67 min), temperature (100–200°C), and SW flow rate (1.4–4.6 mL/min) were optimized so as to achieve a high yield of the target product. A high yield of the total anthraquinones was achieved under the optimized SWE conditions of extraction time 54 min, extraction temperature 170°C, and the flow rate 2.0 mL/min. The comparison between the SWE and traditional extraction techniques implied that the SWE is an efficient and green alternative method for the extraction of anthraquinones. Four anthraquinone glycosides were purified from the SWE extract by high-speed counter-current chromatography and identified as emodin-1-O-β-D-glucoside, physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, chrysophanol-1-O-β-D-glucoside, and chrysophanol-8-O-β-D-glucoside.