Pengaruh Ukuran Partikel, Perbandingan Jumlah Pelarut dan Waktu Maserasi terhadap Perolehan Rendemen Aquilaria Malaccensis Lam.

Aquilaria Malaccensis Lam. is one of the most popular plants contains essential oil, both of them used by pharmaceutical and also cosmetic industry. The plants used in this study came from Jambi, Indonesia which is known, It’s one of the best quality agarwood in the world. This study aims to determine the best conditions for the yield so that it can be produced on an industrial scale. The study reviewed the effect of yield based on size of particles, ratio of solvent, and the operating time, maceration. The research was carried out in three steps. The first, raw material preparation, fermentation and maceration, and then evaporation. Preparation of raw materials is prepared in three variables, 2-5 cm, ±2cm, and size <40 mesh. Methanol is the solvent that will be used in multiple ratio of solvent to agarwood, its 1:7, 1:9, and 1:11(gr/ml). In addition, the maceration time was varied for each sample, 1 day, 2 days, and 3 days. Based on the research variables, obtained essential oil of agarwood dark brown in colour, with a special fragrance of agarwood. Based on the difference in particle size, it is known that size <40 mesh, yield is 3.16%, while for the larger size, 2-5 cm, the yield is 3.12%. In the variable ratio of the amount of solvent used, it is known that 1:9 (gr/ml) is the best point for yield. At maceration step known that 2-3 days, it doesn’t gives a significant change, 2.12 g for 3 days, and 1.92 g for 2 days.

A Review of Aquilaria malaccensis Propagation and Production of the Secondary Metabolite from Callus

Aquilaria is an evergreen non-timber agarwood obtained from the 15 species of Aquilaria belonging to the family Thymelecea. There are two species endemic to Northeast India, A. malaccensis and A. khasiana. A. malaccensis generate a high-grade degree of resin as compared to the other Aquilaria species, and it contributes to the economy of the Northeast states of India and the country as a whole. Due to its profoundly valuable sources, it is overexploited, which impacted its availability in genetic environments. The cultivation of the tree is challenging due to some environmental factors like the sensitivity of the seeds to desiccation, high light intensity, low shelf life, slow growth rate, and the effect of insects and microorganisms. Therefore, conservation and proliferation are urgently required for environmental sustainability and prevention from the stage of extinction. The objective of this paper is to compile the major research works on the conservation, production of the secondary metabolite from callus of A. malaccensis and updated information on its developments and approaches that are rapidly taking place in recent years so that further novel research can be envisaged.

Development of herbal teabag products based on regional potency to improve forest communities’ welfare

On May 10, 2019, the Directorate General of Sustainable Production Forest Management with online shopping @shopee_id began collaboration to promote and market Non-Timber Forest Products in order to improve Indonesian economic. The potential of non-timber forest products in East Kalimantan, Indonesia is abundant, especially the utilization as medicinal plants based on local wisdom, such as in Merabu village, Berau district, and Dilang Puti village, West Kutai district, East Kalimantan. Traditional medicinal products tend to be less regulated and have no selling value. This study aims to develop herbal teabag products, beginning from production process, the cost of production, brand naming, and to strengthening an organization for manage or manufacture herbal teabags from these two villages. Merabu has high potential of gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis), karamunting (Melastoma malabatricum), and ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri). The product made is prima tea, with main ingredients of mixed leaves of A. malaccensis, R. tomentosa and a little amount of E. zwageri powder as a dye. Meanwhile, Dilang Puti has high potential of laban (Vitex pubescens), and ginger (Zingiber officinale). Thus, a tea product namely Pusaka tea is introduced, with the main ingredients of mixed inner bark of V. pubescens and Z. officinale powder. All processing implements a cooperative model to produce herbal teabags, with raw materials taken from members’ garden. The product manufacturing training process tends to be faster and easier, while naming is quite long due to a common name should recognized by all parties, beginning from young people, general public, and customary elders. Furthermore, herbal tea bag products are packaged and sold through established organizations, which then have a positive impact on local communities’ income.

Chemical content and fiber dimension of agarwood branches (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk)

Potential utilization of agarwood residues from twigs and branches is supported by its chemical content and fiber quality. This study aimed to analyze the chemical content and fiber quality of agarwood branches (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk). Parameters measured in this study were the chemical contents including extractives, holocellulose, alpha cellulose and lignin based on Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industries (TAPPI) standard. Fibers were obtained after pulping and bleaching to determine its quality. Chemical analysis of the primary branch of agarwood revealed the composition of extractives which were soluble in cold water (2.71%), hot water (3.31%), ethanol benzene (3.81%), and 1% NaOH (10.03%). The proportion of holocellulose, alpha cellulose and lignin in the primary branch was 78.17%, 52.70% and 26.68%, respectively. In addition, the chemical analysis of the secondary branch of agarwood also revealed the soluble extractives in cold water (2.96%), hot water (3.49%), ethanol benzene (4.14%), and 1% NaOH (14.42%). The proportion of holocellulose, alpha cellulose and lignin in the secondary branch was 75.61%, 50.65% and 26.77%. Hence, the fiber quality of agarwood branches was categorized into class II.

GC-MS analysis of young and mature wild agarwood leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) and its antioxidant potential

Agarwood grows wildly in the nature and its leaves may be utilized as raw materials for agarwood tea, especially from Aquilaria species. The study was conducted to determine the chemical compounds in the young and mature leaves of wild gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk). Chemical compounds were detected using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (py-GCMS) while antioxidant capacity of the leaf extracts was assayed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical method. The results obtained a total of 30 chemical compounds in agarwood leaves extract with different composition between young and mature leaves. The agarwood leaves extracts displayed strong antioxidative capacity with a main compound namely octadecanoid acid or stearic acid.

Documenting the Constraints and Its Allied Factors in Agar (Aquilaria malaccensis Roxb.) Tree Cultivation at Farm Level: A Case Study in Bangladesh

The study was conducted to investigate the socio-economic characteristics of the agar farmers, the extent of constraints in agar wood cultivation; and the factors allied with constraints in agar tree farming. Despite the enormous potential of agar (Aquilaria malaccensis Roxb.) production in Bangladesh, it has yet to gain traction due to socioeconomic, technical, and marketing challenges. The cultivation of agar trees is largely centered in the Sylhet region, where a large number of agar farmers engage. This research was carried out in Maulvibazar district's Barlekha upazila (sub-district) to better understand and assess the restrictions and factors that affect agar tree cultivation. A survey was conducted with 120 households during September 2018 to March 2019. Descriptive statistics, rank order, coefficient of correlation, and multiple linear regression were used to examine the data. Out of 12 constraints, the most significant barrier was a lack of funds to engage in agar farming (2.81), which was followed by a lack of technical guidance (2.71). The lack of labor was the least important constraint faced by the farmers (1.43). It was revealed that education, household size, farm size, number of trees per farmer, annual income, experience in agar farming, agar wood cultivation under trees and knowledge of agar cultivation of the farmers were shown to be realized to agar plantation constraints. However, education, farm size, annual revenue, and agar growing experience were identified as major drivers of the degree of agar farming constraints. The study identified various policymakers' potential to address the influencing variables (education, farm size, annual revenue, and agar farming experience) in establishing agar farming. Furthermore, finance facilities, adequate agar farming instruction, and forest department introspection could all help to reduce agar farming obstacles.