Hydrochemistry and Application of GIS in Groundwater Quality in Nagalapura Taluk, Bellary District, Karnataka, India

The assessment of groundwater quality is essential for the conservation of natural resources. Hence, this study aims to assess the hydrochemistry of groundwater in and around the Nagalapura Taluk in Bellary district, Karnataka, India. The groundwater quality variables are mapped using a Geographic Information System (GIS). For the hypothesis, the mean value of ten groundwater quality variables was obtained from 50 bore well samples (2016-2018). To assess the lead ions and type of water, the USSL, SAR, and Na% were measured. Ionic ratio and Gibbs graphs were used to demonstrate the chemical reactions in the water samples. ArcGIS was used for spatial analysis of the quality variables. The results showed the order of Cl- > SO42- > HCO3- with water types Na+-Cl- and Cl-, and the order of Na+ > Mg++ > Ca++ > K+ with Na+ and Mg++ as the dominant anion and cation, respectively. The hydrochemistry of groundwater is determined by the geological structure in 64 percent of the water samples examined. The Wilcox diagram shows that no-alkali exposure to the crops is expected. Forty one samples (82%) fit within the C3-S1 group; this category is fit for irrigational needs. Only 01 and 03 samples showed maximum SAR during two seasons like pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The maps showed that groundwater in the selected sites is usually of higher quality, whereas the presence of dolomite indicates a reduction in water quality.

Hydrogeochemical Assessment of Selected Springs Water in Aqra Area, Duhok Governorate, Northern Iraq

Fifteen spring water samples were collected from the study area, to identify its quality, as well as the prevailing water type in it. samples were analyzed to determine the concentrations of main cations Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+, and anions HCO3-, SO42-, Cl- and NO3-, as well as investigating the physio-chemical properties represented by Hydrogen Number, Electrical Conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solids. Piper classification demonstrated that all samples are of type normal earth alkaline water with prevailing bicarbonate with a percentage of 79.9% of all the samples, except for SP4, SP9, and SP11, which characterized with normal alkaline water with prevailing bicarbonate and sulfate or chloride with a percentage of 19.9%. The results of the analysis showed a prevalence of calcium ions over the rest of the cations followed by Mg2+, Na+, and K+, and a prevalence of HCO3- ion over the rest of the anions followed by NO3-, Cl-, and SO42-. The water quality index showed that all samples are categorized within the excellent type for drinking, with a range of 3.14-29.94. In addition, several classifications used (Eaton, 1950, Turgeon, 2000 and Don, 1995) demonstrated that the water is of excellent type to use for irrigation with Na%=2.51, Sodium Adsorption Ratio=0.08, and RSC=-1.65. Using Wilcox Diagram for irrigation water; show that all samples are within the domain of the excellent water for irrigation.

Hydrochemical characteristics and groundwater quality appraisal for irrigation uses in Lan-gan region, Northern Anhui Province, East China

Lan-gan region, one of traditional agricultural production base in northern Anhui Province, East China, has rare hydrochemical reports on the formation mechanism and irrigation assessment of the Quaternary deeper confined groundwater aquifer. To better master hydrochemical characteristics, solute source, and irrigation properties, twenty-five water samples were collected from the individual digging well. Gibbs diagram, Piper diagram, ionic ratio, and multivariate statistical analysis were carried out to delineate the hydrochemical facies and water-rock interactions. Meanwhile, the USSL and Wilcox diagram, and the irrigation water quality indices were conducted to illustrate the suitability for irrigation. The results indicate that the order is Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ >K+ and HCO3− > SO42− > Cl− for cations and anions, respectively. Ca-HCO3 is the main hydrochemical type. Water-rock interactions include silicate weathering, carbonate dissolution, halite dissolution and sulfate dissolution. Based on EC value, the majority of the samples are permissible for irrigation, whereas only 12% of the samples were found good for irrigation. The RSC, SAR, and %Na, combined with Wilcox diagram and USSL diagram, demonstrate that the groundwater samples are permissible for irrigation purpose.

Physicochemical evolution and evaluation of groundwater quality in Mougheul area (Southwest of Algeria)

In arid areas, the pressure on water resources and in particular on groundwater resources is on the rise, mainly due to increasing demand and the deterioration of water quality. In this context, the present work aims to follow the annual evolution, between 2009 and 2019 of the physicochemical parameters, and to evaluate the quality of groundwater of the region of Mougheul, by determining the data of pH, TDS, conductivity and the concentrations of major ions ( Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+, Cl−, HCO3−, SO4−2, NO3−) of 07 water points. The results revealed that all the levels of the physicochemical parameters do not exceed the WHO potability standards, except high values were observed at the level of well W6 which exceeds the limits recommended by the WHO (50 mg /l). The diagram of Schöeller and Berkaloff shows that the groundwater has the bicarbonate magnesium facies. The representation of the data on the Piper triangular diagram shows that W6 has the facies chlorinated and calcium sulfate and magnesium and the other water points have the facies bicarbonate calcium and magnesium. SAR values show that the groundwater of Mougheul is excellent for irrigation. The classification according to the Wilcox diagram shows that the groundwater of Mougheul in general is good quality, but the well of W6 water is suitable for irrigation and requires monitoring the evolution of salinity.

Integrated Approach to Hydrogeochemical Appraisal and Quality Assessment of Groundwater from Sargodha District, Pakistan

Hydrochemical characteristics and aquifer properties present a better understanding of the mitigation of groundwater pollution, which has become one of the leading environmental concerns and threats to the sustainable ecosystem. Seventy-seven groundwater samples were collected from Sargodha District (Pakistan) and characterized for their physical and chemical properties. The analytical data were processed for the evaluation of the processes that control the groundwater chemistry using various drinking and agricultural indices with statistical and hydrochemical modeling. The predominant hydrochemical type was found to be Ca-HCO3 type, followed by Na-HCO3 and Mg-Ca-Cl types. The present study showed that the main factors controlling the groundwater chemistry were the prevalent rock dominance alongside the weathering of silicates, solubilization of carbonates, and cation exchange processes. Entropy water quality index (EWQI) revealed that 6.51% represented “poor water,” while 7.79% were considered “extremely poor” for drinking purposes. However, USSL classification, Wilcox diagram, and other agricultural indices (RCS, SAR, %Na, MH, PI, and PS) showed that the majority of the samples were classified as suitable for irrigation purpose. However, 16% of the samples for %Na and 24% of the samples for MH were not suitable for agricultural purposes. Overall, the groundwater quality was affected by the anthropogenic stress in the study area.

Caractérisations hydrogéochimiques et qualités des eaux de la nappe phréatique du haut bassin versant de la Korama, commune de Droum /région de Zinder (Niger /Afrique de l’Ouest)

La, Commune de Droum, zone d’étude , est située entre 13°23’ et 13°48’ de latitude Nord, 8°39’ et 9°1’ de longitude Est. Elle dispose de trois aquifères, dont l’aquifère phréatique des sables récents ayant de hautes potentialités en eau souterraine. Cet aquifère est très sollicité pour l’approvisionnement en eau de boisson, l’abreuvage des animaux et l’irrigation qui est en pleine expansion. Or, il est très sensible à la pollution anthropique en raison de sa faible profondeur. L’objectif de cette étude est de caractériser cet aquifère du point de vue hydrogéochimique et de l’aptitude de ces eaux à la consommation humaine et à l’irrigation. La méthodologie appliquée fait appel aux approches hydrochimiques classiques, à l’Analyse en Composante Principale (ACP) et aux techniques d’évaluation de la qualité des eaux pour l’irrigation (SAR / USSL, %Na / Wilcox, RSC). Les résultats montrent que 45%des eaux échantillonnées sont de faciès chloruré calcique et magnésien (CaMgCl), 33% de faciès bicarbonaté calcique (CaHCO3) et 22% de faciès chloruré calcique (CaCl). Les deux principaux mécanismes hydrogéochimiques qui se sont révélés être à l’origine de l’acquisition des ions conduisant à ces différents faciès sont l’interaction eau-roche et les précipitations. Le rapprochement des résultats analytiques normes de l’OMS (2011), indique que les eaux étudiées sont en majorité de bonne qualité pour tous les ions considérés. Néanmoins quelques échantillons présentent des teneurs en NO3, Fe, et F dépassant leurs normes respectives. Les taux de Na (%Na), les valeurs du SAR et le positionnement des échantillons sur le diagramme de Wilcox indiquent que les eaux sont excellentes pour l’irrigation.Mots clés : Hydrogéochimie, Socle, irrigation, Climat aride, Continental Intercalaire /Hamadien. The Droum commune, study area , is located between latitude 13 ° 23 'and 13 ° 48' N, and between 8 ° 39 'and 9 ° 1' East. It has three aquifers, including the aquifer of recent sands with high potential in groundwater. This aquifer is in great demand for the supply of drinking water, animal watering and irrigation which is in full expansion. However, this aquifer is very sensitive to anthropogenic pollution because of its shallow depth. The objective of this study is to characterize this aquifer from the hydrogeochemical point of view and the suitability of these waters for human consumption and irrigation. The methodology applied uses classical hydrochemical approaches, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and techniques assessing t the water quality for irrigation (SAR/USSL, %Na/Wilcox, RSC). The results show that 45% of the waters are calcium chlorides and magnesium facies (CaMgCl), 33% calcium bicarbonate facies (CaHCO3) and 22% calcium chlorides facies (CaCl). Two main hydrogeochemical mechanisms which have been shown to be at the origin of the acquisition of the ions leading to these different facies are the water-rock interaction and the atmospheric precipitations. The comparison of analytical results with the WHO standard (2011) indicates that most the waters studied are mostly of good quality for all ions considered. However, some samples have levels of NO3, Fe, and F exceeding the norm. The Na levels (% Na), the SAR values and the Wilcox diagram indicate that the waters are excellent for irrigation. Keywords: Hydrochemistry, Socle, irrigation, Arid Climate, Continental Intercalary/Hamadien Niger.

Chemical Characteristics of the Karmanasha River Water and Its Appropriateness for Irrigational Usage

Water is a prime natural resource and precious national asset and one of the chief constituents of the environment. The chemical characteristics play a key role in terms of ecological and economic perspectives in the river water. The characterization and evaluation of river water quality in the Karmanasha River is necessary due to its immense importance in the livelihood of the people in the core urban areas of Kathmandu valley, Nepal. In this study, the surface water samples were collected from 16 sites with a 0.5 km interval to characterize and evaluate the water quality mainly from the perspective of its irrigational usage. The assessment was carried out by applying electrical conductivity (EC), sodium percentage (Na%), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), permeability index (PI), Kelly’s ratio (KR), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), cation ratio of soil structural stability (CROSS), Wilcox diagram and water quality index (WQI) including the general hydrochemistry. The general hydrochemistry of river water indicates slightly alkaline in nature with mean pH value 8.07, and the dominance order of major ions follows the pattern of Ca2+>Mg2+>Na+>K+ for cations, and HCO3->Cl->NO3- for anions. Furthermore, the results revealed that the water is safe for irrigation purposes based on EC, Na%, SAR, KR, MAR, CROSS, and Wilcox diagram. The results also specified that no severe degradation in water, however, the low DO, and high BOD and COD values than that of the standard value prescribed by Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard, signify the anthropogenic signature in the river water. This study provides the baseline information about the WQI and suitability of irrigation water quality, and further in-depth studies are required at spatiotemporal levels to get in-depth insights about the ecological health of the river.

Assessment of groundwater and surface water quality for irrigation suitability in Rupnagar District, Punjab, India

<p>Groundwater and Sutlej river water are major sources of irrigation in Rupnagar district of Punjab. Water quality was examined for their agricultural suitability using a total of 54 surface water (16 from Sutlej and 6 from Sirsa River) and groundwater (total 32 of ~160 m depth) samples from Pre- (June 2019) and post-monsoon (Dec 2018) seasons. On-site parameters (electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids) indicate permissible pH (pH 6.6-8.2) and conductivity (147-1953 μS/cm), while 18.5% of samples are brackish salt to salt category type on salinity index. The results of these parameters were further interpreted and measured with different irrigation indexes like sodium percent (SP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), chloride concentrations and Wilcox diagram. Similarly, most of the samples (except Sutlej river water samples) were found to be above permissible limits with respect to SP (5.36-81.01) and RSC (0-6.23), but SAR is indicative of suitability for irrigation purposes (0.11-8.3). The suitability for irrigation as per SAR is because of low sodium content in all the samples relative to calcium and magnesium. The Wilcox diagram of pre-monsoon samples indicate high, medium and low saline to low sodium hazard except 1 sample with high saline to medium sodium hazard and salinity-sodium hazard in post-monsoon is comparatively lower than that of pre-monsoon. However careful observation of the complete data analysis suggests that all the parameters in Sutlej river water samples were found to be suitable for irrigation while most of the groundwater samples and 3 samples from Sirsa river were unfit for irrigation purposes as inferred from SP, RSC and Wilcox diagram.</p>

Water quality and land use/cover changes in the Phewa Watershed, Gandaki Province, Nepal

Knowledge and understanding of land use and water quality nexus is an important precursor for assessing the human-water interactions and sustainable freshwater management. In this study, the land use/cover change (LUCC) and water quality assessment with respect to drinking and irrigational purposes were carried out in Phewa Lake, Nepal. A total of 20 water samples were collected during the winter and summer seasons in 2017 and were analysed for major hydrochemical variables. The water quality index of Phewa Lake was found to be 5.15 and 2.57 during the winter and summer, respectively, indicating the suitability of water for drinking purposes. The results revealed that the electrical conductivity, sodium percentage, and sodium adsorption ratio were found to be 38.80 µS/cm, 16.99, and 0.10, respectively in the summer and 85.06 µS/cm, 14.68, and 0.15, respectively in the winter. Similarly, permeability index, Kelly’s ratio, magnesium hazard, cation ratio of soil structural stability, and Wilcox diagram exhibited that the water was suitable for irrigation in both seasons with relatively better quality in the summer. The dynamic pattern of LUCC in the Phewa watershed exhibited an increase in the spatial extent of forest, shrub-land, grassland, and built-up area, whereas decreasing trend of agricultural land, barren land, and water bodies. Irrespective of the seasonality, the LUCC-water quality nexus showed elevated concentrations in the proximity of the urban settlements. The present study could be helpful for the restoration of water quality by sustainable land-use practices in the Himalayan region.

Hydro-chemical assessment and GIS-mapping of groundwater quality parameters in semi-arid regions

Groundwater quality assessment is vital to protect this resource. Therefore, the aims of this study were to evaluate the hydro-chemical quality of the Marvdasht aquifer located in the semi-arid region of Iran and to map the groundwater quality parameters. For this purpose, a mean data of 11 groundwater quality parameters collected from 49 wells (2010–2015) were used. Pie, Schoeller and Piper diagrams were used to determine the dominant ions and type of water. Ion ratios and Gibbs diagrams were used to illustrate the chemistry and processes in the groundwater. Spatial distribution of quality parameters were mapped using ArcGIS. Results showed that the water type is Na-Cl and Cl− with abundance orders of CL− > SO42− > HCO3− and Na+ with abundance orders of Na+ > Mg2 + >Ca2+ > K+ are dominant anion and cation, respectively. Gibbs diagrams revealed that geological formations control the groundwater chemistry in 66% of the groundwater samples. Based on the Wilcox diagram, only 24% of the samples fell into the C4–S4 class with high salinity and alkalinity hazard. The maps showed that generally groundwater in the north of the study site has better quality than that the south of the study site, where the existence of dolomite and chalky formations leads to decreasing water quality.