Extraction and Formulation of Perfume from Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass)

This work aimed to extract perfume from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus using three extraction methods viz: distillation, solvent extraction and expression or effleurage. About 150 g of dried lemons grass were extracted using ethanol as the solvent to obtain essential oils required for the formulation of perfumes. The result of the hydrodistillation process showed that 1.23 g of essential oil per 130g of dry lemongrass produce 0.95% oil at 78 °C, while the effleurage method was 2.55 g of essential oil per 130 g of dry lemongrass sample thereby producing 1.96% oil yield. The solvent extraction method gave 2.7 g of essential oil per 130 g of dry lemongrass sample. This gives about 2.08 % yield of essential oil at a temperature of 78°C i.e. the boiling point of ethanol. The solvent extraction method yielded 2.08%, the effleuragemethod yielded 1.96% and the hydrodistillation method yielded 0.95% essential oil respectively. In conclusion, solvent extraction gave the highest yield because of less exposure to air and heat, which is highly recommended as the most suitable method for the extraction of essential oil.

Characterization of Eggshell: A Heterogeneous Catalyst in Transesterification of Sand Apple (Parinari polyandra) Seed Oil

The objective of this study was to characterize a low cost heterogeneous catalyst from the transesterification of sand apple (Parinari polyandra B.) biodiesel. Sand apple fruits were processed and oil was extracted using solvent extraction method. Raw eggshells were calcined at 800°C for 120 min in the muffle furnace. Surface properties of the raw and calcined eggshell were characterized using Fourier Transformed Infrared Radiation (FTIR) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Transesterification of the Sand Apple Oil (SASO) with ethanol in the presence of the calcined catalyst to produce ethyl ester and glycerol were optimized using Central Composite Design at different temperatures and time. Reactants for the transesterification process were the raw SASO and anhydrous ethanol. The study shows that raw eggshell was more stable with hydrogen bond form at 2,724 cm-1an while oil yield of 53.13 % was obtained from sand apple kernels. Ethyl ester yield of 90% was obtained from SASO. The results of transesterification shows the maximum biodiesel yield of 90% was obtained at reaction temperature of 65°C and time of 120 min, while the minimum yield of 70% was obtained at temperature of 55°C and time of 60 min; indicating that biodiesel increase with increase in time. Similarly, yield of ethyl ester of SASO also increased when the reaction temperature increased. The percentages of biodiesel yield obtained from SASO transesterification in this study showed that sand apple is promising oil for biodiesel production as compared with other vegetable oil crop obtained in previous studies

Standardization, Characterization and Isolation of Trichoderma-Silver Nanoparticle-A Pharmaceutical Approach in Field of Nano-Medicine

Silver is a well known antimicrobial agent. It is utilized in many antimicrobial and medication. The Trichoderma and its Metabolites have also been meant for antimicrobial activity against the various bacterial and fungal strain. In the present investigation Nanoparticle of silver is prepared by chemical method, green synthesis using plants and biosynthesis using microbes. Trichoderma secondary metabolite prepared by solvent extraction method from Trichoderma harzianum which act as a capping and reducing agent. The biosynthesised silver Nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and TEM. UV-Vis spectra of silver Nanoparticle and trichoderma extract showed absorption spectra at 420nm & 430 nm respectively while the fused nanoparticle with Trichoderma secondary metabolite showed absorption spectra at 415 nm corresponding to the surface Plasmon resonance of silver Nanoparticle. It was determined the nanoparticle showed absorption spectra at 415 nm and morphology as spherical with size range 8 to 24 nm and providing good antimicrobial activity as Trichoderma silver fused nanoparticle against many microbial strain, so it can be prepared for pharmaceutical approach against the infectious disease caused by clinical pathogenic organisms.

Effect additional pH on separation extraction gadolinium from terbium and europium with Di-2-(ethylhexcyl)phosphate acid

Rare earth elements are strategic materials, difficult to obtain, and have wide uses. Currently, it is still difficult to separate and refine REE’s because it has similar physical and chemical properties. Solvent extraction is most successful method used for the separation of REE’s. Di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid has been widely used in industry for the separation and of REE’s. Purpose of this study is effect of pH on basic parameters extraction which include distribution coefficient, extraction efficiency and separation factor in extraction gadolinium, terbium and europium through complex with D2EHPA. Determination effect pH is a parameter determined in process extracting standard solutions gadolinium, terbium and europium using D2EHPA with n hexane. Basic parameters in extraction gadolinium, terbium and europium with D2EHPA at pH 4 are as follows KdGd = 89.90; αGd/Tb = 5.63, Gd/Eu = 1.83; %E = 98.90. KdTb = 15.94; αTb/Gd = 0.17; Tb/Eu = 0.32; % E = 94.10; KdEu = 1.40; αEu/Gd = 0.01, Eu/Tb = 0.08; %E = 98.29. From these valuesit can be concluded that gadolinium, can be separated from terbium and europium by the solvent extraction method by forming complex D2EHPA with best separation results obtained at pH 4.

Breaking the Limit: Breakthrough Technology to Develop Ultra Shallow Heavy Oil with Oil Mining

Shallow heavy oil in Indonesia is one of undeveloped resources with high potential that require breakthrough in unconventional production technology. Iliran High Field, located in South Sumatera, has this potential and been conducting several production method for optimum production since 2011. The depth of the potential formation is 10 – 500 ft with range of viscosity 200 – 600 cp at reservoir temperature. Production methods including steam injection, radial jetting, chemical injection and variety in borehole size have resulted in low production rate. Major technical challenge is the reservoir have naturally very low reservoir pressure thus limiting possibility for further stimulation. Finding the production solution for this field would require technology that is not limited by pressure, which ultimately leads Medco to explore the opportunity of oil mining. Oil mining has been done for producing the shallow depth oil sand and has proven effective with high recovery factor. Since this is novel in Indonesia, preliminary studies were conducted. The studies conducted in laboratory use conventional core with the objective of selecting optimum extraction method and parameters. High recovery factor of > 94% was achieved by means of selecting solvent extraction method and parameters such as solvent type, ore to solvent ratio and ore size. The high recovery factor result concluded that oil-mining method is highly feasible and interesting for development. For the next step of this journey, larger scale of study is planned which includes real excavation result and further study of economic analysis. The positive result could be the solution for optimally produce the shallow heavy oil potential.

Acute toxicity studies of an novel natural polymer vigna mungo in swiss albino rats

The aim of the present research is to investigate acute toxicity profiling of isolated Vigna mungo new natural polymer. Safety administration is the primitive criterion for any drug substance. To explore the safety and toxicity profiling of the novel polymer, this study was carried out. Vigna mungo novel polymer was isolated from the pulverised seeds of Vigna mungo which is part and parcel of our diet. This polymer is obtained using a non-solvent extraction method using acetone. Acute toxicity studies were performed according to the OECD guidelines 420. In this, the selected animal model is Swiss albino rats, grouped into control and test containing each three animals. 2000 mg/kg of Vigna mungo polymer was administered to a test group and did not produced any abnormalities and behavioural changes. Furthermore, histopathological studies, body weight, haematological parameters did not presented abnormal values. The observations found 2000mg/kg of a dose of the polymer did not cause lethality and death of any animal till 14 days of a period. It was concluded that Vigna mungo novel polymer is safe to administer up to 2000mg/kg dose. Hence, the novel Vigna mungo polymer is safer for therapeutic use in pharmaceutical formulations.