Analisa Kehilangan Minyak (Oil Losses) Pada Proses Produksi Di Pt X

Palm oil is one of the crops that produce crude palm oil (CPO). Losses or loss of production is generally a natural thing in the palm oil processing process. Oil losses are the loss of the amount of oil that should be obtained from the results of a process but the oil cannot be obtained or is lost. The loss rate for palm oil is the amount of oil that is not taken up in the processing. The oil that is not taken is partly wasted into the boiler as fuel (oil from fiber). Oil losses are the loss of the amount of oil that should be obtained from the results of a process but the oil cannot be obtained or is lost. In testing oil losses using the socket extraction method. Soxlet extraction is a continuous extraction technique using a soxhlet, with the principle of distillation of solvent from the flask to the cooler, then dripping wet and immersing the sample located in the center of the soxlet apparatus.

Combined Treatment (Alkali + Thermal) of Calotropis procera Fiber for Removal of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Cases of Oil Spill

The objective of this study was to evaluate the Calotropis procera fiber treated with NaOH combined with heat treatment as sorbent material for removal of petroleum and derivatives in cases of oil spill. The effects of oil viscosity, fiber/oil contact time, and the type of sorption system (oil and oil/water) were evaluated by experimental planning. The fiber obtained was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM-FEG), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), contact angle, and wettability. The fiber treated by combining NaOH and heat treatment (CPNaOHT) exhibited a large structure with an internal diameter of 42.99 ± 3.98 μm, roughness, and hydrophobicity on the surface with a contact angle of 101 ± 2°. The sorption capacity of oil ranged from 190.32 g/g to 98.9 g/g. After five cycles of recycling, the fiber still maintains about 70% of its initial sorption capacity and presented low liquid desorption (0.25 g). In this way, it can be used as an efficient sorbent to clean up spills of oil and oil products.

It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets

Cannabis is an annual plant with a long history of use as food, feed, fiber, oil, medicine, and narcotics. Despite realizing its true value, it has not yet found its true place. Cannabis has had a long history with many ups and downs, and now it is our turn to promote it. Cannabis contains approximately 600 identified and many yet unidentified potentially useful compounds. Cannabinoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and alkaloids are some of the secondary metabolites present in cannabis. However, among a plethora of unique chemical compounds found in this plant, the most important ones are phytocannabinoids (PCs). Over hundreds of 21-22-carbon compounds exclusively produce in cannabis glandular hairs through either polyketide and or deoxyxylulose phosphate/methylerythritol phosphate (DOXP/MEP) pathways. Trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are those that first come to mind while talking about cannabis. Nevertheless, despite the low concentration, cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabinodiol (CBND), and cannabinidiol (CBDL) may have potentially some medical effects. PCs and endocannabinoids (ECs) mediate their effects mainly through CB1 and CB2 receptors. Despite all concerns regarding cannabis, nobody can ignore the use of cannabinoids as promising tonic, analgesic, antipyretic, antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-epileptic, anticancer agents, which are effective for pain relief, depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, nausea and vomiting, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular disorders, and appetite stimulation. The scientific community and public society have now increasingly accepted cannabis specifically hemp as much more than a recreational drug. There are growing demands for cannabinoids, mainly CBD, with many diverse therapeutic and nutritional properties in veterinary or human medicine. The main objective of this review article is to historically summarize findings concerning cannabinoids, mainly THC and CBD, towards putting these valuable compounds into food, feed and health baskets and current and future trends in the consumption of products derived from cannabis.

Yielding Morphological Characteristics and Biochemical Analysis of “Karma lemon” Cannabis Producing Cannabinoids in Thessaloniki-Greece

Cannabis has been widely used by humans over many centuries as a source of fiber, oil and for medicinal purposes. Its use was illicit in numerous countries, including Greece and Lebanon. “Karma Lemon”, one of the newest cannabis strain originated from Italy, is selected in this study to analyze its components using various techniques starting from the extraction, isolation and identification of cannabinoids using separatory compounds and NMR techniques as well as the main important morphological traits of this strain to be harvested at an appropriate time for medicinal uses in Greece and later on, in Lebanon. Thirty different samples were selected from the field of respected “Hemp Way Company” in Thessaloniki and studied for morphological traits. These were related to the length of the plant at harvest time (1.809 m) needed for the use of combines and the weight of inflorescence (213.5 g fresh and 40.8 g dry) for oil or seed production. Three samples of Karma Lemon cannabis strain inflorescence were analyzed at the Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, in the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in Greece, after proper extraction and isolation using ethanol and other separation compounds. TLC and NMR techniques were used to visualize and identify cannabinoids present after isolation. Cannabinoid acids, CBG, CBN, THC, CBD and other cannabinoids were identified and isolated.