Effect of Citrus reticulata Blanco Essential Oil on Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) Adults

ABSTRACT The rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), is a major insect pest of stored products worldwide. In an effort to manage populations of C. ferrugineus in stored grains, the essential oil from Citrus reticulata Blanco peel was prepared by the Soxhlet method with anhydrous diethyl ether, and its contact activity, repellent activity, and fumigant activity were investigated against C. ferrugineus adults. C. reticulata peel essential oil had potent contact, repellent, and fumigant activity against C. ferrugineus adults, with activity significantly increasing with increasing exposure dosage during the same exposure time. Percent repellency values achieved >80.0% after 60 h of exposure. For contact toxicity, the corrected mortality of C. ferrugineus adults reached >99.0% after 48 h of exposure at the dosage of 2.0 μL/cm2. For fumigant toxicity, the corrected mortality of C. ferrugineus adults reached 89.0 and 100.0% at the dosages of 40 and 80 μL/L of air, respectively. These results suggest that the C. reticulata peel essential oil has strong potential for managing populations of C. ferrugineus in practice.

The Bioactivitiy of Essential Oil from Ailanthus altissima Swingle (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae) Bark on Lasioderma serricorne（Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)

The essential oil was extracted by Soxhlet method with anhydrous diethyl ether from Ailanthus altissima Swingle (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae) bark, a traditional Chinese herbal plant, and its repellent and its fumigant activity was investigated against Lasioderma serricorne （Fabricius）(Coleoptera: Anobiidae) adults. A. altissima bark oil had extremely strong repellent activity against L. serricorne adults with the percentage repellency 93.7, 87.8 and 76.1% after 24, 48, and 72 h exposure, respectively. A. altissima bark oil also possessed high fumigant activity against L. serricorne adults with the corrected percentage mortality 100% at 8 µL/L air within 48 h exposure.

Fat Contents of Cereal Foods: Comparison of Classical with Recently Developed Extraction Techniques

Eight cereal products ranging from a fat-free ready- to-eat (RTE) cereal (frosted flakes) to a full-fat high- ratio cake mix were subjected to analyte separation by anhydrous diethyl ether extraction (EE), acid hydrolysis/mixed ether extraction (AH), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2 and with CO2 modified with 15% ethanol (SFEmod). Gravimetric analyses of extracts indicated higher (P ≤ 0.05) crude fat values by AH than by EE, SFE, or SFEmod. Extractions followed by fatty acid methyl ester analysis also produced higher (P ≤ 0.05) triglyceride means by AH than by other methods used for heat-treated RTE cereals and for ready-to-cook (RTC) cream of wheat. Therefore, for labeling purposes, AH seems most appropriate because in most cases it achieves higher triglyceride values than extraction with solvent(s) alone. SFE and SPE, on the other hand, yield fat values similar to those obtained by EE and offer the advantages of reduced solvent volume, short extraction times, and ease of laboratory automation.

Crude Oil Content of Selected Oilseeds and Flours: A Comparison of Solvents

A variety of wheat flours and ground oilseeds was subjected to continuous extraction for 6 h with each of 4 solvents (anhydrous diethyl ether, hexane, pentane, and petroleum ether). Hexane and diethyl ether were equally superior (P < 0.05) to the other 2 solvents In extracting crude oil from all-purpose flour and from ground peanuts, soybeans, cottonseeds, and canola seeds. Hexane yielded higher crude oil values (P < 0.05) than the other solvents in the case of ground safflower and sunflower seeds. Diethyl ether produced higher values (P < 0.05) from ground corn germ and bread flour. No differences (P < 0.05) were found among solvents when extracting whole wheat flour.

A rapid method for repurifying partly degraded radiolabeled steroids.

This rapid method for repurifying radiolabeled steroids from degraded products is based upon differential partitioning of intact and degraded molecules between aqueous-phase solution and anhydrous diethyl ether. Results compare favorably with those by liquid-chromatographic methods.