A Novel Video Copyright Protection Scheme Based on Blockchain and Double Watermarking

With the continuous development of multimedia, more and more digital works such as videos are spread, stored, and used in the network. In recent years, digital copyright infringement disputes have occurred frequently. The traditional copyright protection system has some problems, such as difficulty confirming copyright, monitoring infringement, and obtaining evidence for rights protection. To this end, we have designed and implemented a novel video copyright protection scheme based on the blockchain and double watermarking technology. We use the image correlation coefficient method to extract video keyframes. And we combine with Contourlet Transform domain, QR decomposition, and SIFT algorithm to improve the robustness of watermark against geometric attacks on the premise of invisibility. After that, we use Arnold Transformation (Cat Map) based on the Maximum Entropy Threshold Segmentation to encrypt the robust watermark and strengthen the security. Moreover, based on the characteristics of the fragile watermarking, we accurately locate the attacked video’s tamper position and complete the integrity authentication of the watermarked video. In addition, the hash digest of the video watermark and the user ID of the copyright owner is signed by SM2 and uploaded to the blockchain. The user can register the copyright after passing the identity authentication. We conduct tests and security analysis on the blockchain performance of the system, the performance of the commercial cryptography algorithm, and the security of the watermarking system. The experimental results show that the blockchain used in this system conforms to the industry standard, the performance of SM2 and SM3 is better than ECC-256 and SHA-256, and the system security is well guaranteed.

FCM-Based Approach for Locating Visible Video Watermarks

The increased usage demand for digital multimedia has induced significant challenges regarding copyright protection, which is the copy control and proof of ownership. Digital watermarking serves as a solution to these kinds of problems. Among different types of digital watermarking, visible watermarking protects the copyrights effectively, since the approach not only prevents pirates but also visually proves the copyright of the broadcasted video. A visible watermark could be in any location on the frame (corner, center, diagonal, etc.). In addition, it could either completely or partially disappear for some frames. The same video also might have multiple watermarks. In order to strengthen the techniques of adding visible watermarks, there is a need to discover the weakness of the used watermarks. Since the major step of attacking a visible watermark is to locate it accurately, in this paper, a Fuzzy C-Means (FCM)-based approach is proposed to locate visible watermarks in video. Broadcasting channels are used to utilize video logos, which can be considered as a form of visible watermark that represents a trademark or symbol to declare the intellectual property ownership. In general, a high-standard video watermark has such properties as a clear background with distinctive shape without additional texture obscuring the watermark area. In addition, the probability of the logo appearing in the four corners of the video frames is higher than in the center. Based on these common properties of the video watermark, the proposed scheme locates the visible watermark using the Fuzzy C-Means technique without any prior information. The proposed technique has two stages: the first stage is positioning, and the second is masking (extracting the watermark mask). Due to real-world limitations such as noise, shadowing, and variations in cameras, the positioning stage is developed by employing gradient and Fuzzy C-Means classifier techniques. By using the dilation and erosion operators, the masking stage is developed to extract the watermark mask. Using a set of trademark videos, the proposed algorithm is tested and evaluated. A comparative study shows that the proposed FCM-based technique is able to achieve higher accuracy at a reasonable computational cost in comparison to the most related and recent published work. The proposed technique could locate different watermarks with high symmetry in their pattern, even if they appeared mutually in the same location. Still, it will be a challenge if the symmetry is low between used watermarks in the same location.

Watermarking Video Menggunakan Metode Transformasi Wavelet Diskrit

<p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>Watermarking videos are useful to determine authentication rights to a video. The step of watermarking is by inserting binary images on an MPEG1 format video using discrete wavelet transformations, and extracting watermark videos. Analysis of video watermark quality can be known by calculatong PSNR. Video watermark quality analysis is done after carrying out the watermarking and extraction process to find out the difference the original video quality and the video watermark and the insertion image used. The results of video watermark quality analysis showed that 100% video watermarks did not change from the original video and binary imagery was better than the color image in the insert image.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keyword </em></strong><em>: video watermarking, authentication, binary imagery, insert image, discrete wavelet transformation, PSNR.</em></p><p align="center"><strong><em>Abstrak</em></strong></p><p><em>Watermarking video berguna untuk menentukan hak otentikasi terhadap suatu video. Tahapan watermarking adalah penyisipan citra biner terhadap suatu video berformat MPEG1 menggunakan transformasi wavelet diskrit, dan melakukan ekstraksi terhadap video watermark. Analisis kualitas video watermark dapat diketahui dengan perhitungan PSNR. Analisis kualitas video watermark dilakukan setelah melakukan proses watermarking dan ekstraksi untuk mengetahui apakah perbedaan kualitas video asli dengan video watermark dan citra sisipan yang digunakan. Hasil analisis kualitas video watermark menunjukkan bahwa 100% video watermark tidak mengalami perubahan dari video asli dan citra biner lebih baik daripada citra berwarna pada citra sisipan.</em></p><p><strong><em>Kata kunci </em></strong><em>: watermarkingi video, otentikasi, citra biner, citra sisipan, transformasi wavelet diskrit, PSNR. </em></p>