Safety Assessment of Ethanolic Extract of Padina gymnospora as a Cosmetic Ingredient

Purpose: In a previous study, we identified the skin-whitening effect of the ethanolic extract of Padina gymnospora. The present study was performed to confirm the safety of the extract in animal replacement tests.Methods: To evaluate the safety of the extract of Padina gymnospora, the photosensitivity test (Harber test), in vitro 3T3 neutral red uptake (3T3 NRU) phototoxicity test, local lymph node assay (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), acute oral toxicity test, and reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) test were used. All experiments followed the guidelines of the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and were conducted by a GLP-certified organization (Chemon Inc.).Results: The extract of Padina gymnospora was not photosensitive: 0% photosensitization was detected (I grade: very weak). In the 3T3 NRU phototoxicity test, the relative viability of the extract-treated cells was higher than the guideline level; thus, the extract was classified as non-phototoxic. Treatment with the extract did not trigger skin irritation in the RHE test model and did not cause skin sensitization in the local lymph node assay. Finally, oral administration of the extract to rats indicated that it was not a harmful material as the LD50 was estimated at >2,000 mg/kg.Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Padina gymnospora was demonstrated to be safe when applied to the skin. Taken together with our previous study of its efficacy, we conclude that this extract has the potential for use as a cosmetic ingredient.

Qualitative analysis of Phytochemical studies on Sargassum wightii and Padina gymnospora

In recent years, the secondary metabolites are extensively investigated as a supply of healthful agents. The sample for the study constitutes Sargassum wightii and Padina gymnospora and it was collected from the Mandapam coast, Rameswaram, TamilNadu, India. Sargassum wightii is belonging to the family Sargassum wightii and Padina gymnospora belonging to the family Dictyotaceae are 2 brown seaweeds better-known for varied biological activities like bactericide, antiviral, inhibitor, opposed cancer, medicine, etc. Five totally different extracts of Sargassum wightii and Padina gymnospora were subjected to phytochemical analysis of secondary metabolites of qualitatively phytochemical screening tests of twelve different chemical compounds (alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, coumarins, proteins, sugars, quinones, and glycosides). Among the solvent extracts of alga Sargassum wightii and Padina gymnospora showed the utmost presence of saponins, carbohydrates, proteins, and quinines in 3 completely different extracts (ethanol, methanol, water) except solvent and chloroform. So the present study on extractive values of methyl alcohol extract and the binary compound extract was most in each the seaweeds, however, were significantly a lot of in P. gymnopora than S. wightii. Considering their therapeutic uses, like alternative healthful plants there’s a requirement to try pharmacognostic studies of those 2 seaweeds. KEYWORDS: Seaweeds, Coumarins, Phytochemicals, Sargassum wightii and Padina gymnospora

Antioxidative study of polysaccharides extracted from red (Kappaphycus alvarezii), green (Kappaphycus striatus) and brown (Padina gymnospora) marine macroalgae/seaweed

Sterile and fresh tissues of three marine macroalgae red, green and brown (Kappaphycus alvarezii, Kappaphycus striatus and Padina gymnospora) collected from Malaysia east costal seas were compared for the antioxidants and polysaccharide composition of sugars as well as the active components. Results obtained showed that polysaccharides isolated from Kappaphycus alvarezii, Kappaphycus striatus and Padina gymnospora) can be used as a source of natural antioxidant compounds as they possess antioxidant potential in which the Padina gymnospora showed 15.56 ± 0.12 mg/mL to be the best antioxidants among all the polysaccharides studied. The hot water extraction method is effective in isolating polysaccharides from studied seaweeds. The GC–MS analysis revealed that there is presence of chemical compounds such as furfural was 25.53% in Kappaphycus alvarezii and 21.04% in Kappaphycus striatus also Padina gymnospora incorporates n- Hexadecanoic acid about 26.31% in seaweed polysaccharides that contribute to their antioxidant activities. Further studies can be done on determining the seaweed species that are available abundantly with the best source of natural antioxidant compounds.

Padina gymnospora derived a linear polysaccharide “alginate” mediated synthesis of silver nanocomposite and its antibacterial activity

Sodium alginate extract of Padina gymnospora was used for the synthesis of silver (Ag) nanoparticles. UV-visible spectroscopy studies were carried out to assess the formation of Ag nanoparticles. Reductions of Ag+ ions on sodium alginate were conformed to FTIR. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM-EDX) was used to characterize the Ag nanoparticles. SEM image divulges that silver nanoparticles were quite polydispersed, the size ranging from 54nm to 78nm. EDX spectroscopy also confirmed the presence of silver ions. AFM analysis did analyze the morphology of the nanocomposite. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles showed the antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistance human pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These results suggest that Ag nanoparticles can be used as effective growth inhibitors in various microorganisms, making them applicable to various medical devices and antimicrobial control systems.

Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Chloride Nanoparticles from Padina gymnospora and their Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Larvicidal, Hemolytic and Anticancer Activities.

In the current study, silver chloride nanoparticles (AgClNPs) have been synthesized using the aqueous extract of Padina gymnospora and further characterized by Uv-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy and Atomic force microscopy. The synthesized silver chloride nanoparticles were found to be mono-dispersed and spherical with an average size between 11.5 to 32.86 nm. The particles also showed a cytotoxic effect in a dose-dependent manner against MCF 7 cells (IC50 = 31.37 µg/mL). Besides, it showed the larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti at a lower dose (3.92 µg/ml) than that of the aqueous extract (13.01 µg/ml). It also exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against selected bacterial and fungal pathogens. The synthesized silver chloride nanoparticles showed the best minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8 mg/L in Canadian Albicans, followed by vancomycin resistance Enterococcus feacasli (VREF) 32 mg/L. Furthermore, the toxicity assessment by haemolytic assay revealed that AgClNPs could be safe and also used for further investigation. Therefore, the synthesized silver chloride nanoparticles may be used as a therapeutic agent for breast cancer, antimicrobial agent and also to control the dengue vector as attributed to the presence of bioactive components.