Optimasi Formula Nanoemulsi Gel Ekstrak Buah Bakau Hitam (Rhizophora Mucronatalamk.) Dengan Variasi Gelling Agent Hpmc, Carbopol 940 Dan Viscolam Mac 10

Buah bakau hitam (Rhizophora mucronata Lamk.) mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan dengan komponen aktifnya adalah alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, fenol hidroquinon, dan tanin. Dalam penelitian ini dipilih sediaan nanoemulgel sebagai kosmetik untuk antioksidan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui komposisi optimum campuran gelling agent untuk menghasilkan nanoemulgel ekstrak buah bakau hitam yang memenuhi sifat fisik dan stabilitas yang baik. Optimasi menggunakan metode Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) dengan variasi gelling agent menggunakan HPMC, Carbopol 940 dan Viscolam MAC 10 yang diperoleh sebanyak empat belas formula, dengan karakteristik fisik organoleptis, pH, homogenitas, daya sebar, viskositas dan stabilitas fisik perubahan viskositas dengan metode freeze thaw. Data dinalisis menggunakan simplex design expert 10.0.1 dan uji t serta deskriptif. Hasil formulasi optimum campuran gelling agent untuk menghasilkan nanoemulgel ekstrak buah bakau hitam yang memenuhi sifat fisik dan stabilitas yang baik adalah nanoemulgel pada formula VI, dan pada hasil penentuan formula optimum nanoemulgel ekstrak buah bakau hitam diperoleh dengan campuran HPMC 0,024%, carbopol 940 0,38% dan viscolam MAC 10 0,59%. Dengan nilai respon yang diperoleh untuk evaluasi dengan daya sebar 2,21 cm, viskositas 49043,2 Cps dan perubahan viskositas 579,3 Cps.

Jambolan nectar: physical and chemical properties due to formulation ingredients

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of different proportions of jambolan pulp, sugar and water on the physical and chemical characteristics to obtain information that allows the use of jambolan and, consequently, the evaluation of these fruits. Six jambolan nectar formulations were established through Simplex design. Ingredients significantly affected luminosity (32,14-34,24), apparent viscosity (7.8-73.8 cP), total soluble solids (8.87-26.43 °Brix), titratable acidity (0.55 -0.83g citric acid 100g-1) and the TSS / TA ratio (16.05-34.96) in jambolan nectars. Jambolan nectar with 55g 100g-1 of jambolan pulp, 15g 100g-1 of sugar and 30g 100g-1 of water has the highest desirability in relation to physical and physicochemical properties, 85.1% DPPH inhibition, 10526.12 μg TE mL-1 and 27014.25 μmol TE mL-1 by ABTS and ORAC method, respectively. It could be concluded that it is possible to produce jambolan nectar which can increase the possibilities of applying fruit as an ingredient in the food industry.

Optimization of extraction of antioxidants from aromatic herbs and their synergistic effects in a lipid model system

Response surface methodology was applied to improve the polyphenol extraction process of rosemary, oregano, sage, and thyme. Aqueous ethanol (EtOH 50%) rendered the highest polyphenol extraction yield for all tested samples. Based on their total phenolic contents, rosemary, oregano, and thyme were selected for evaluation of their scavenging activities towards DPPH radical and ABTS radical cation and application in an oil model system. All extracts decreased the production of primary oxidation compounds during Schaall oven test storage. The induction period, as evaluated by the Rancimat test, was also reduced. There was an agreement between both oil model system assays, and rosemary extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity, followed by thyme and oregano. A centroid simplex design was used to evaluate the synergistic effect among the samples. Rosemary was able to play a synergistic effect when combined with thyme and oregano, or when used in binary mixtures.

Using the Simplex Design Technique for Optimization of Modes of Burnishing with Ball Tools

It is advantageous to use the method of surface plastic deformation in order to get high-quality surfaces that meet increased requirements for strength and reliability. For efficient process of surface plastic deformation, it is required to define a set of conditions to provide minimum roughness of a machined surface. The paper addresses the problem of experimental search of optimal burnishing modes using the simplex design to minimize roughness of a machined surface. The significance of variable factor ranking was observed for this technique. A specific set of tests resulted in decrease in the initial surface roughness almost by 15 times in the specimens made of aluminum alloy after burnishing with the steel indenter. It was established that the surface quality was significantly affected by a new factor – angle of indenter contact with the machined surface, which had a damping effect on the machine-fixture-tool-workpiece system. The experiments showed that polished indenter balls significantly lowered the roughness grade of the machined surface under the same conditions.

Identification of pasture mixtures that maximise dry matter yield

A mixture experiment was conducted to identify an optimal pasture seed mixture that maximised dry matter (DM) yield under irrigated, sheep-grazed conditions in mid-Canterbury, New Zealand. Nineteen seed mixtures were created using a simplex design from a pool of four species: perennial ryegrass, plantain, white clover and red clover. Seed mixtures were drilled into plots in March 2015 and the yield from sowing to May 2017 was modelled. The model analysis defined the optimal seed mixture proportions as 0.25 ryegrass, 0.28 plantain and 0.47 red clover of total number of seeds per unit area, or 7.5, 6.3 and 8.2 kg/ha, respectively (22.0 kg total seed). This mixture was predicted to yield 39.81 t DM/ha after 2 years. Ryegrass and plantain interacted more strongly with red clover than white clover, leading to increased yields over monocultures (diversity effects). Additional yield benefits arose from the three-species mixture of ryegrass, plantain and red clover. Keywords: diversity effect, pasture establishment, perennial ryegrass, plantain, red clover, seed mixtures, simplex design, white clover