Characteristics of some anatomical landmarks on the anterior face of the maxilla

The canine bossa (not listed in TA) was clearly visible in 80% of cases, less prominent in 12% of cases or even absent in 8% of cases. The most commonly is oval in shape with the long axis oriented vertically or slightly oblique infero-medially. In 60% of cases the two fossae showed approximately equal sizes. For the rest of the 40% of the cases, the left one was larger (24 cases) than the right one. In 12% of cases we found a dehiscent anterior wall of the canine fossa for more than half of its height. The myrtiform fossa (also not mentioned in the TA) was oval, with the long axis oriented vertically and with same dimensions bilaterally in 60% of cases. In 2/3 of cases was evident (deeper) on the right. In 28% of cases we found it rounded, more frequently also on the right and in 12% of cases we found it as having an irregular shape. In about 10% of cases have it was almost flat. The canine fossa (Fossa canina) has various shapes, more frequently rounded with an average diameter of 0.8-0.9 cm. In 30% of cases was oval, with vertical long axis of 1 cm in and 0.7 cm width. The cases of rounded canine fossa, well circumscribed and deeper, were more prevalent on the left. The infraorbital foramen (Foramen infraorbitale) was circular in equal proportions (in half of the cases), with a diameter of 2.5-5 mm, or oval, with 3-5 mm vertical axis and 1.5-3 mm horizontal axis. Note the difference in shape in the same skull: circular on the left and oval on the right (most frequent case) or vice versa. The distance from the infraorbital border is variable, being lower on the left in 65% of cases. Compared to the piriform aperture, the infraorbital foramen is located at 0.9 to 1.7 cm on the right and at 1.2-1.7 cm on the left. We encountered five cases with double infraorbital foramen. The intermaxillary suture is vertical in only 35% of cases. In other cases it is deviated to the left in 40% of cases, and in 25% of the cases is oriented to the right. The degree of inclination is variable, making with the horizontal an angle between 95 to 1100. The alveolar process (Procesus alveolaris) is wider posteriorly. There is a difference in width right-to-left, being wider on the right side in 40% of cases (6-13 mm), are the same size on both sides in 30% of cases, the other 30% of cases being thicker on the left. The zygomatic process (Procesus zygomaticus) may be sharp or, more frequently, with a serrated or rounded edge and with a small tubercle in almost 50% of cases

Redescriptions of two morphologically confusing sea lice Caligus aesopus Wilson, 1921 and C. spinosus Yamaguti, 1939 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Caligidae) parasitic on amberjacks (Seriola spp.) from Korea

The taxonomically confusing species of sea lice Caligus aesopus Wilson, 1921 and C. spinosus Yamaguti, 1939 are redescribed based on material taken from gills of amberjacks (Seriola spp.) from Korean seas. These two sea lice can be distinguished from each other by the following major differences: (1) the female abdomen of C. aesopus has a lateral constriction in the distal third, but that of C. spinosus is fusiform, without a constriction; (2) the proximal process on the first antennal segment is subcircular distally in C. aesopus, but tapered in C. spinosus; (3) the basis of leg 1 has a small tubercle in C. aesopus, but none in C. spinosus; (4) the protopod (apron) of leg 3 of C. aesopus has an inner patch of less than 15 large spinules, but that of C. spinosus has a patch of more than 25 small spinules; (5) the innermost spine on the third exopodal segment of leg 4 is distinctly longer than the nearby middle spine in C. aesopus, but subequal to the middle spine in C. spinosus; (6) the inner margin of the first maxillipedal segment of the male has four processes in C. aesopus, but three in C. spinosus; and (7) the first maxillipedal segment of the female has a tubercle on the myxal area in C. aesopus, but absent in C. spinosus.

Redescription of Pectiniunguis gaigei (Chamberlin, 1921) from Guyana, with new distributional data and complementary descriptive notes on similar neotropical species (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Schendylidae)

Pectiniunguis gaigei (Chamberlin, 1921) from Guyana, (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Schendylidae) is here redescribed and illustrated on the basis of type material. The species is characterized by the absence of pore-field on the first sternum; presence of undivided ventral pore-fields in an uninterrupted series along the whole trunk length; parunguis of walking legs thin and pale; and last leg praetarsus as a small tubercle with numerous spines. All these combined traits are shared by three other Neotropical members of the genus (P. geayi (Brölemann & Ribaut, 1911) from Brazil; P. ducalis Pereira, Minelli & Barbieri, 1995 from Brazil; and P. roigi Pereira, Foddai & Minelli, 2001 from Ecuador), with which P. gaigei is here compared in detail. New distributional records for P. ducalis and P. geayi, together with complementary descriptive notes and new diagnoses for these species and P. roigi, are also given.

A New Delphinium-Infesting Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Apterous Viviparous FemaleHolotype.–Dorsum of head with six blunt or slightly clavate setae. Frontal tubercles well developed, smooth, diverging, each with one long, (blunt seta on dorsal surface and one or two on ventral surface. Antenna about as long as body, third segment expanded just distad of base to almost twice its basal diameter; 56 small, tubercle-like, secondary sensoria scattered along whole length of one third segment, 60 on other; one fourth segment with four secondary sensoria, the other with five; a single, large, primary sensorium near apex of each fifth segment, and one large one and five or six adjacent smaller ones near apices of basal portion of sixth segment; each small primary sensorium on sixth segment with a central papilla; all primary sensoria lacking marginal, cilia-like fimbriations. Antennal setae distinctly capitate and about equal in length to basal diameter of third segment. Lengths of antenna1 segments as follows: III, 0.85 mm.; IV, 0.4 mm.; V, 0.3 mm.; VI, 0.15-0.85 mm. Rostrum reaching slightly beyond middle coxae; apical segment 0.13 mm. long, with 17 slender pointed setae in addition to usual apical ones.

LOCAL PROGRESSION WITH SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN THE BONE MARROW OF RABBITS, CORRELATED WITH A TRANSITORY ANEMIA AND LEUCOPENIA AFTER INTRAVENOUS INOCULATION

In this series of rabbits it was found that the rabbits dying during the 1st month after an injection of I or 2 mg. of bovine tubercle bacilli show the same conditions: extreme tuberculosis of the lungs, acute splenic tumor with tuberculosis, involvement of the lymph glands, an occasional small tubercle in the liver and extensive tuberculosis of the bone marrow. The peripheral blood has shown a sharp fall in the platelet count, an anemia and a fall in the granulocytic strain of white cells, and these changes have been correlated with the condition of the bone marrow. There has also been a rise in monocytes and a fall in lymphocytes, to a reversal of the normal ratio. When the rabbits have survived the first acute phase of the disease longer than 3 to 4 weeks, there have been signs in the peripheral blood of a recovery of the bone marrow; the first indication of this has been an increase in platelets, then a rise in hemoglobin followed in 1 or 2 days by a rise in red cells and later a return of the three strains of granulocytes. The bone marrow has shown a rapid spontaneous disintegration of the epithelioid cells correlated with the appearance of increased evidence of acid-fast debris in clasmatocytes, especially clear in those that lie along the vessels. The animals that have survived into the 3rd month have all shown a hyperplastic phase of the healing marrow, both the red cells and all types of the granulocytes appearing in the peripheral blood in numbers above the normal. The epithelioid cells originally containing many bacilli all disappear from the marrow and the only sign left, possibly suggestive of the tuberculosis, is the acid-fast granules in the clasmatocytes. Finally, the marrow becomes entirely normal, giving the normal number of red cells and granulocytes to the blood. Thus, bone marrow in the rabbit has become involved in every instance with the injection of massive doses of viable bacilli. The findings at autopsy in those animals followed during the early reaction to infection confirm this directly and, since the curves of the cells in the peripheral blood of the more chronic animals were the same during the early stages of the disease as in those that died, the same conclusion seems justified from indirect inference for them. The method of healing has been a rapid disintegration of the epithelioid cells without caseation. The bone marrow heals itself entirely regardless of the progress of the disease elsewhere, so that one sees the remarkable condition of an animal recovering from the anemia and leucopenia while dying of tuberculosis elsewhere. The spleen also shows a tendency toward spontaneous healing. In the animals that have lived beyond 100 days there has been some gradual lessening of the diffuse distribution and extent of pulmonary lesions with the development of cavitation together with a marked involvement of the kidneys and lesions in the eyes.

III.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Bryozoa (Polyzoa)

Zoarium, always encrusting.Zoœcia pyriform, average length, and breadth ·43 mm. and ·28 mm.; aperture semicircular, with a small tubercle at each side; front wall normally formed of five pairs of spines, the space between the lowest pair being filled by a triangular plate perforated at the apex and possibly tubular, as when it is broken off its base proves to be perforated; when there is a preceding zoœcium with an oœcium the fifth pair of spines and the triangular plate disappear, and the space so left is filled by the preceding oœcium, which always carries a small avicularium, possibly a relic of the triangular plate; the spines are not always strictly paired; the backbone is often depressed and pierced by irregular pores.

Two cases of the absence of epitrochleae humeri with sesamoid bones in the auxiliary ligaments of the elbow joint in one case

Rus. Surgeon. Archive. 1903 pr. 3.In two cases, the author had to observe the almost complete absence of epitrochleae humeri. In one, as the remainder of the epitrochleae, there is a small tubercle with rather narrow contours, lying 2-3 ctm above the lower edge of the trochleae. In the other, this tubercle lies at the level of olecrani ulnae.

Memoirs: The Structure of Xenia Hicksoni, nov. sp., with some Observations on Heteroxenia Elizabethæ, Kölliker

The following is a recapitulation of the new points to which reference is made (paragraphs 1, 2, and 6 have been already published in ‘Proc. Roy. Soc.,’ 1898): 1. The absence of ventral and lateral mesenterial filaments usually present in the polyps of the Alcyonaria. The only previously recorded examples of the absence of these filaments are the siphonozooids which occur in some other Alcyonacea and in Pennatulids. 2. The absence of these filaments is correlated with the presence of gland cells in the stomodæum, which occur especially in the ventro-lateral walls which abut on the siphonoglyph. Their position is suggestive of the digestive function of the cells, as their secretion can be readily poured out on to the ingoing food particles. 3. The non-retractile nature of the bodies of the polyps and of the stems is accounted for by the absence of musclefibres from their ectoderm cells, and by the presence of numerous spicules in these parts. The presence of ectodermic muscles in the tentacles, pinnules, and distal millimetre of the bodies of the polyps, together with the absence of spicules from these parts, confers the power of contractility, slight though it is, upon these parts. The muscle processes of the ectoderm cells (where present) are longitudinal in direction, while those of the endoderm cells are circular (except the protractor and retractor muscles on the mesenteries). 4. Nematocysts were found in Sarcophyton. 5. An extraordinary number of spicules is present in the basal part of the colony, and much of the mesoglœa is converted into a dense horny substance. Thus a firm base of attachment is provided which would afford a rigid support for the branches which arise from it. 6. Many of the endoderm cells lining the cœlentera and tentacles bear giant flagella, which may attain 120 µ in length. 7. In adult polyps the primitive genital cells are formed by differentiation of some of the endoderm cells which cover the mesenteries. These genital cells migrate into the mesoglœa of the mesenteries, and then move outwards, one at a time, each cell pushing the endoderm and a thin film of mesoglœa before it, and so forming a small tubercle on the side or end of the mesentery. By division of the genital cell the spermatozoa are produced. They remain until ripe, surrounded by a thin film of mesoglœa, and by a layer of endoderm cells, many of which contain from two to five nuclei. 8. The longitudinal canals which traverse the mesoglœa of the stem are very well developed, and are physiologically, and possibly morphologically, equivalent to the cœnenchymal tubes of Heliopora cœrulea. 9. The nervous system is similar to that of Alcyonium; the stellate cells immediately outside the endodermic musclefibres are very clearly seen. 10. A complete series of developing polyps is described, beginning with very young specimens, in which the tentacles are devoid of pinnules, and ending with the adult polyps with multi-pinnuled tentacles. 11. A similar series of polyps of Heteroxenia Elizabethæ is described and compared with the siphonozooids of the same colony. It is concluded that Heteroxenia is undoubtedly dimorphic, as stated by Kölliker and Bourne. 12. The origin of the buds of Xenia Hicksoni from the superficial canal system, their subsequent growth, and the appearance in them of the mouth, stomodæum, siphonoglyph, gland cells in stomodæum, mesenteries, dorsal mesenterial filaments, and flagella of the endoderm cells, are traced. It is remarkable that the sexual cells are already differentiated in a young polyp 95 mm. long.

A NEW CŒLIOXYS FROM NEW MEXICO

Cœlioxys menthœ, n. sp.— ♀. Length 9⅓ mm., black with the legs and base of abdomen ferruginous. Pubescence scanty, dull white, rather dense and tinged with ochraceous on face. Head rather large; vertex shining, with large, well-separated punctures; mandibles bifid at ends, ferruginous except tips and extreme base; antennæ black, flagellum faintly rufescent beneath towards the end; mesothorax shining, with extremely large, well-separated punctures; a band of dull white pubescence at base of scutellum and a patch above base of wings; scutellum shining and sparsely punctured, without any trace of a keel, rounded behind, with a very small tubercle at the middle (representing the median tooth of aperta, etc.), lateral teeth large, flattened and rounded at tips; enclosure of metathorax distinct, very finely granular, with a basal series of large pits; tegulæ apricot colour; wings dusky hyaline, the apical margin broadly smoky, nervures piceous, stigma fuscous, marginal cell more produced at tip than in altilis; coxæ more or less darkened, legs otherwise entirely bright ferruginous, with the pubescence extremely scanty; abdomen shining, segments 2–5 with transverse sublateral grooves; punctures sparse, largest and densest at sides, rather small and numerous on dorsum of first segment, absent on dorsal middle of segments 2–5, except for an apical row and on 2 an imperfect basal one; sixth segment with sparse minute punctures.

Some account of the Dugong. By Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Governor of Sumatra. Communicated in a letter to Sir Everard Home, Bart. V. P. R. S

The form of the Dugong resembles that of the common Cetacea. The skin is smooth and thick, with a few scattered hairs, and the head small in proportion, with two short tusks projecting from the extremity of the upper jaw. The place of the incisors is substituted by the rough bristly surfaces of the palate and jaws, which enable the animal to browse upon marine vegetables. There are twelve cylindrical molares, with flat crowns. The aperture of the ears is remarkably small. There are no dorsal or ventral fins; but the place of the anterior extremities is supplied by fins, which, however, are not capable of supporting the animal when out of water. Upon dissection, the skin was found three quarters of an inch thick. The stomach has two appendages opening into it, near the junction of the duodenum; the intestinal canal is long; the liver has two large and two smaller lobes, one of which is tongue-shaped and covers the gall-bladder; the kidneys are large, and the urinary bladder probably capable of considerable distention; the testicles are placed a little below the kidneys; the urethra opens in a small tubercle between the two lobes of the glans penis.