Analysis of the effectiveness and the possibility of creating an auxiliary braking system for an electronically controlled vehicle of the utility patent No. 153 247

The paper notes that electronic control of work processes in vehicle units and systems is one of the most effective and modern ways to improve their operational parameters. The means of elec-tronics make it possible to increase the average speed of vehicles, reduce fuel consumption, improve controllability, stability, passability and smoothness of driving, improve braking performance and safety, and facilitate driving. All modern vehicles electronic systems are digital, data transfer rate is up to 1 megabit per se-cond. This allows each sensor to be used for several systems. Dimensions of sensors are gradually decreasing; their speed, reliability, and accuracy are increasing. One perspective way to improve vehicles is the use of an internal combustion engine with electronic control of its braking torque as an auxiliary braking system. The analysis of the utility patent No. 153 247 “Auxiliary braking system of vehicle with elec-tronic control” is considered. Its analysis using the valve timing diagrams is made. The errors made in the description of the patent were revealed. The description of the intake and exhaust strokes does not take into account the increase in the cylinder volume by the manifold volume due to the opening of the respective valves and the fact that the pressure in the exhaust tract is limited by the preloading force of the engine exhaust brake springs. The electromagnetic valve must have operation speed of an order of magnitude greater than standard valves and the same capacity; its springs must have a large pre-pressure so that it does not open under the pressure in the receiver of the regular brake system. For fast pressure release, the electromagnetic valve must open a large flow cross-section as quickly as possible, overcoming the force of the high pressure acting on its disc in the cylinder (7.5 MPa) plus the force of pre-pressure of the valve springs. The formulas for determination of the valve throughput capacity are given. Their analysis showed that to ensure a given capacity of the valve by reducing its opening time it is necessary to proportionally increase the height of the rise of electro-magnetic valve or the average diameter that is not always possible. The carried out in the paper analysis showed that the efficiency of the proposed system is lower than the declared one, and its creation is impossible because there is no electromagnetic air valve satisfying the requirements for it in this design.

Types of the statics of the spine in patients of young, elderly and senile age

Introduction. A complete and systematic x-ray examination of all parts of the spine at the same time in elderly and senile people has not yet been carried out. On the other hand, radiography can identify spinal statics disorders that are typical for this category of people.The goal of research — describe the types of spinal statics disorders in young, elderly and senile people.Materials and methods. Digital radiography of all parts of the spine was performed in 103 patients with dorsopathies. The first group included 50 patients aged 60–74 years; men 16, women 34. The second study group included 21 patients aged 75–88 years, 6 men and 15 women. The third control group included 32 randomly selected people aged 21 to 45 years, 15 men and 17 women. The study belongs to the group of a posteriori x-ray processing and was carried out without the participation and additional irradiation of patients. On the screen of a personal computer, using the methods developed by the author, unified digital x-ray images of all parts of the spine of each patient were obtained. From the INION point, a vertical line occipital vertical descended along all the structures of the spine. Using the midpoint of the front and rear contour x-ray image of the vertebral body of the TII and TXII the front-rear axes were passed through until they intersect with the occipital vertical at the back and intersect with each other at the front. A qualitative assessment of the occipital vertical passage relative to the structures of the spine and a quantitative assessment of the angles of inclination and the angle of intersection of the front-rear axes of the TII and TXII vertebrae was carried out..Results. Five types (from 0 to 4) of spine statics were described and criteria for their qualitative and quantitative assessment were determined. It was found that in the control group, the most common type of spine statics was zero (0), while type 3 and 4 were not determined. In contrast, 3 and 4 types of spinal statics were most frequently observed in second group of patients. In the first group of patients, types 1 and 2 of spine statics were most often revealed, and other types of spine statics also occurred. Among the entire group of examined patients n=103 0 type of spinal statics disorder was detected in 27 (26,2 %) patients, type 1 in 35 (34 %), type 2 in 22 (21,3 %), type 3 in 11 (10,7 %) and type 4 in 8 patients (7,8 %). In patients with type 0 spinal statics, the angle of inclination of the front-rear axis of the TII vertebra was 16,67±8,49º, and of the TXII vertebra was 18,33±4,33º. In type 1 statics of the spine, the angle of inclination of the front-rear axis of the TII vertebra was 26,66±6,73º, and of the TXII vertebra was 21,17±4,92º. In type 2 spinal statics, the angle of inclination of the front-rear axis of the TII vertebra was 32,95± 6,82º, and of the TXII vertebra was 19,68±5,4º. In type III spinal statics, the angle of inclination of the front-rear axis of the TII vertebra was 41,09±9,22º, and of the TXII vertebra 26±11,05º. Type 4 statics of the spine were diagnosed in the presence of type 1–3 statics, in addition to which a pathological fracture or multiple compression fractures were detected in any part of the spine, or the vertebral bodies took the form of fish vertebrae.Conclusion. The study demonstrated the presence of characteristic prevailing types of spinal statics in young, elderly and senile people. These qualitative and quantitative criteria allow us to evaluate them. Based on the results of the study, an application for the utility patent of the Russian Federation «The Method for Evaluating Spine Statics», № 2019144992, priority dated 30.12.2019 was issued and filed. The identified qualitative and quantitative indicators can be used to develop criteria for determining the biological age of a person, which will contribute to improving the evidence-based approach to medicine.

Polysaccharide-based Scaffolds for Bone Marrow Regeneration: Recent Work and Commercial Utility (Patent)

Biochemical applications of polysaccharide are often demonstrated in various drug delivery systems and bone tissue engineering. Perhaps they are similar in biochemical properties with human components of the extracellular matrix, the body recognized them easily. In this manuscript, the polysaccharides, such as chitosan chitin, carrageenan, chondroitin sulfate,and cellulose used as scaffolds for bone regeneration, are discussed. Scaffolds have a porous structure which is extremely interconnected & permits cell penetration. They provide a 3-dimensional environment for bone regeneration. Polysaccharides such as chitosan have great mechanical characteristics and biocompatibility. Present manuscript deals with the polysaccharides based scaffolds that should possess osteoconductivity, biocompatibility,and mechanical strength like property during the tissue repairing process.They also show decreased degradation rate which means that they are present for tissue regeneration for an extended period of time. So it can be concluded that the polysaccharide-based scaffolds have good mechanical strength and stimulate the natural extracellular of bone for the regeneration process. In this manuscript, various patentsbased on applications of polysaccharide in bone marrow and tissue regeneration is also included.

Emergency Laser Photodestruction of Benign Vascular Formations of the Skin in Children, Complicated by Bleeding

BACKGROUNDBenign vascular lesions of the skin, hemangiomas and pyogenic granulomas are quite common in pediatric patients, which are complicated with bleeding in 7.5% of cases.MATERIAL AND METHODSIn 2016–2018, 17 children with cavernous hemangiomas and pyogenic granulomas complicated with bleeding were operated on an emergency basis at the Research Institute of Emergency Children’s Surgery and Traumatology. Surgical intervention for all patients was performed using the method of interstitial selective laser photodestruction developed by the RIECST, which took out the utility patent. This method was implemented using two wave laser surgical device IPG “IRE-Polus” (Russia), generating two wavelengths of laser radiation of 0.97 μm and 1.56 μm.RESULTSThe analysis of the long-term results of treatment in 17 pediatric patients who were operated on an emergency basis for hemangioma and pyogenic granuloma complicated by bleeding showed that all 17 patients (100%) had a good clinical and aesthetic result. The method of interstitial selective laser photodestruction provided a radical removal with guaranteed hemostasis of the indicated benign vascular lesions of the skin complicated with bleeding illustrate the effectiveness of this method in clinical practice, as well as the possibility of its use in inpatient and outpatient conditions.CONCLUSIONTo prevent the large blood loss in hemangiomas complicated by bleeding and pyogenic granulomas of the skin in children, emergency surgical treatment has been performed using interstitial selective laser photodestruction. This method ensures the radical photodestruction of tissues of a pathological vascular formation and reliable hemostasis, which guarantees the achievement of a good clinical and aesthetic result of treatment in inpatient and outpatient conditions in all cases.

Patentes sobre biomateriales derivados del cuerpo humano: casos en Estados Unidos, Europa y México

En el presente trabajo se analizan los criterios para la concesión de patentes sobre biomateriales derivados del cuerpo humano en Estados Unidos, Europa y México. El punto de partida es el estudio de las disposiciones de la Utility Patent Act de Estados Unidos, y se hace énfasis en los requisitos que debe cumplir una invención para ser patentada. Acto seguido, se analizan el caso Moore y el caso HeLa. Se continúa con el análisis de las excepciones a la patentabilidad del Convenio de la Patente Europea, y con el de las disposiciones de la Directiva 98/44 de Invenciones Biotecnológicas relativas a la patentabilidad de la materia viva en general, y de los biomateriales derivados del cuerpo humano en particular. Esto sirve de marco para estudiar los casos Interferones Alfa, Kirim/Amgen y Relaxina. Se concluye con un análisis de los criterios de la Ley de Propiedad Industrial de México, así como de algunas solicitudes de patentes mexicanas tramitadas ante el Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial.