Spectral analysis and Antibacterial activity of the bioactive principles of Sargassum tenerrimum J. Agardh collected from the Red sea, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Seaweeds are a major marine resource that can be explored to develop novel pharmaceutical molecules. The present study showed the presence of unique bioactive components in the petroleum ether extract (PEE) and methanolic extract (ME) of Sargassum tenerrimum. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis suggested that the PEE of S. tenerrimum contained antibacterial biomolecules: hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 17-pentatriacontene, dasycarpidan-1-methanol, and acetate (ester). However, the ME of S. tenerrimum exhibited better antibacterial effect than the PEE due to the presence of the bioactive compounds 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester, tetratetracontane, 1-docosene, 1,2-benzenediol, and benzoic acid. Thus, promising antibacterial molecules can be isolated from S. tenerrimum for better therapeutic use.

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION OF BIOACTIVITIES IN THE CHLOROFORM EXTRACT OF HALYMENIA DILATATA ZANARDINI (RED ALGAE) COLLECTED FROM MANDAPAM, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

Objective: This study was to determine the presence of biochemicals and prediction of bioactivities in the chloroform extract of Halymenia dilatata Zanardini (Red algae) collected from Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: The active biological components in the chloroform extract of H. dilatata Zanardini were studied using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and the biological activities were predicted by prediction activity spectra for substances technique. Results: The analysis revealed the two bioactive components such as N-Hexadecanoic acid (5.384%) and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, Mono(2- Ethylhexyl) Ester (94.616%). In 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, Mono(2-Ethylhexyl) Ester, 1933 biological activities were predicted. Among the biological activities, 74 were highly active and their Pa score is above 70%. In Pa>0.7, there a 15 different activities are predicated including antitumor (91.5%) followed by anti-inflammatory (89.7%), antimicrobial (84.7%), anti-inflammatory (74.5%), etc. Conclusion: The present study provided the bioactive components present in the chloroform extract of H. dilatata Zanardini by GC-MS analysis and the prediction of biological studies by prediction of activity spectra for substances.

Production of Functional Buttermilk and Soymilk Using Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 (alaD+)

Functional foods or drinks prepared using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have recently gained considerable attention because they can offer additional nutritional and health benefits. The present study aimed to develop functional drinks by the fermentation of buttermilk and soymilk preparations using the Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 (alaD+) strain expressing the L-alanine dehydrogenase enzyme. LAB fermentation was carried out for 24 h and its impact on the physicochemical and quality attributes of the fermented drinks was evaluated. Levels of total antioxidants, phenolics, flavonoids, and especially L-alanine enhanced significantly after LAB fermentation. Further, GC-MS-based metabolomic fingerprinting was performed to identify the presence of bioactive metabolites such as 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1-dodecene, 2-aminononadecane, 3-octadecene, 4-octen-3-one, acetic acid, azanonane, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, chloroacetic acid, colchicine, heptadecanenitrile, hexadecanal, quercetin, and triacontane, which could be accountable for the improvement of organoleptic attributes and health benefits of the drinks. Meanwhile, the levels of certain undesirable metabolites such as 1-pentadecene, 2-bromopropionic acid, 8-heptadecene, formic acid, and propionic acid, which impart bitterness, rancidity, and unpleasant odor to the fermented drinks, were reduced considerably after LAB fermentation. This study is probably the first of its kind that highlights the application of P. acidilactici BD16 (alaD+) as a starter culture candidate for the production of functional buttermilk and soymilk.

Antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts of Vernonia cinerea against Xanthomonas oryzae and identification of their compounds using in silico techniques

Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) disease is an extremely ruinous disease in rice, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Although various chemicals are available to manage BLB, they are toxic to the environment as well as humans. Hence there is a need to develop new pesticides as alternatives to hazardous chemicals. Therefore, a study was carried out to discover new potent natural pesticides against Xoo from different solvent extracts of Vernonia cinerea. Among all the fractions, the methanolic extract showed the highest inhibition zone. Further, to gain mechanistic insight of inhibitory action, 40 molecules of methanolic extracts were subjected for in silico study against two enzymes D-alanine—D-alanine ligase (Ddl) and Peptide deformylase (PDF). In silico study showed Rutin and Methanone, [1,4-dimethyl-7-(1- methylethyl)-2- azulenyl]phenyl have a good binding affinity with Ddl while Phenol, 2,4-bis(1-phenylethyl)- and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester showed an excellent binding affinity to PDF. Finally, the system biology approach was applied to understand the agrochemical’s effect in the cell system of bacteria against both the enzymes. Conclusively, these four-hit compounds may have strong potential against Xoo and can be used as biopesticides in the future.

1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-methyl propyl) ester isolated from Onosma bracteata Wall. inhibits MG-63 cells proliferation via Akt-p53-cyclin pathway

Onosma bracteata Wall. (Boraginaceae family) is one of the important constituents of Ayurvedic drugs which enhance immunity. Among all the fractions isolated from O. bracteata, ethyl acetate fraction (Obea) showed good antioxidant activity in Superoxide radical scavenging assay and Lipid peroxidation assay with EC50 value of 95.12 and 80.67 µg/ml, respectively. Silica gel column chromatography of Obea yielded ObD1 fraction which was characterized as Di-isobutyl phthalate (DIBP) using NMR, FTIR and HRMS spectroscopic techniques. DIBP showed antiproliferative activity in human osteosarcoma MG-63, human neuroblastoma IMR-32 and A549 cell lines with GI50 value of 37.53, 56.05 and 47.12 µM, respectively, in MTT assay. In Flow cytometric studies, DIBP has shown disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and enhancement of ROS, indicating the apoptosis induction. The cells were found to be delayed at G0/G1 phase which might be due to the downregulation of Cyclin E and CDK2 as shown in RT-PCR studies. Western blotting analysis revealed an increased expression of p53, caspase 3 and caspase 9 and downregulation of p-NF-kB, p-Akt and Bcl-xl. Molecular docking studies also displayed the interaction of DIBP with p53 (− 151.13 kcal/mol) and CDK1 (− 133.96 kcal/mol). Thus, DIBP has exhibited great potential as chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic agent against osteosarcoma.

Modification of heavy metals toxicity by Cyanobacteria Nostoc sp. N27P72 and Nostoc sp. FB71 in Culture Conditions

Purpose: Cyanobacteria are ecologically relevant prokaryotes that can be found in environments contaminated with heavy metals. As their photosynthetic machinery imposes high demands for metals, homeostasis of these micronutrients has been extensively considered in cyanobacteria. So far, most studies have focused on treatment of wastewaters using microalgae leads to remarkable reduction of an array of organic and inorganic nutrients, but what takes place in the extracellular environment when cells are exposed to external supplementation with heavy metals remains largely unknown. Methods: Here, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production in strains Nostoc sp. N27P72 and Nostoc sp. FB71 isolated from different habitats are reported and compared. Cultures of both strains, supplemented with either glucose, sucrose, lactose or maltose showed that production of EPS and cell dry weight was boosted by maltose supplementation. Result: Nostoc sp. N27P72 which was isolated from lime stones was higher, resulting in 9.1 ± 0.05 µg/ml and 1.01 ± 0.06 g/l in EPS and cell dry. The cell cultures tested for their ability to remove Cu(II), Cr(III) and Ni(II) in media culture containing the maltose and without maltose as control culture. Remarkably, we showed that although these elements can be toxic, supplementing the media culture can effectively sequester their toxic effects by increasing the production of EPSs, carbohydrates and total soluble proteins in comparison to control. The crude EPS showed metal adsorption capacity assuming the order Ni(II)> Cu(II)> Cr(III) from metal-binding experiments. Nickel was preferentially biosorbed with a maximal uptake of 188.8 ± 0.14 mg (g cell dry wt) -1 crude EPS. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed treatment with Ni made changes in the functional groups and glycoside linkages in both strains. Results of Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) to determine the biochemical composition of Nostoc sp. N27P72 showed that strong Ni(II) removal capability is suspected to be associated with the high Cyclotrisiloxane and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid content. Conclusion: The results of these investigates specified that strains Nostoc sp. N27P72 is good candidates for the commercial production of EPS and might be utilized in bioremediation field as an alternative to synthetic and abiotic flocculants.

GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Grapefruit (Citrus maxima L.) Rind

The grapefruit (Citrus maxima L.) is a plant known by the public as a fruit consumed with various properties. This plant's use is well known, such as antioxidants, enhancing immunity, anti-aging, and antibacterial properties. This study aimed to identify and analyze the chemical compounds contained in C. maxima rind. The extract was obtained by the maceration method using ethanol and ethyl acetate as solvents. The fractionation process was carried out by Column Chromatography. Observation of thin-layer chromatography profiles with UV lamps 254 and 366 nm. Analysis of chemical compound components using GC-MS and data interpretation based on the Wiley 7.0 data library. The interpretation results of the EF1 fraction are β-copaen-4-α-ol; pentadecanoic acid; hexadecanoic acid; tetradecanoic acid; dotriacontane; osthol; 2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, 7-methoxy-8-(3-methyl-2-oxobutyl); furfural; 6-(2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-7-methoxycoumarin; and 6-(iodomethyl)-5-methyl-4-oxahexanolide. The chemical compounds identified in EAF2 are 1-octadecanol; decane; tetracosane; hexacosane; and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (2-ethylhexyl) ester. It can be concluded that these compounds have biological and pharmacological activities.

THE QUALITY PARAMETERS, TOTAL FLAVONOIDS DETERMINATION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY COMPOUND OF ANDALIMAN FRUIT ANDALIMAN FRUIT (ZANTHOXYLUM ACANTHOPODIUM DC.) EXTRACT

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical compound of the antioxidant activity of the extract from andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) and the quality parameters and the total flavonoid determination of the highest antioxidant activity. Methods: The andaliman fruits were extracted using a solvent such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and 70% ethanol obtained extracts, follow the antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The quality parameters and total flavonoid determination were performed from highest antioxidant activity. Fractionated was done using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) with the mobile phase chloroform-methanol (9:1 ~1:9). Purification with Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) preparative, identification using UV-spectrophotometry, FTIR, Gas chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. Results: The 70% of ethanol has the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 value 84.11±0.47 ppm; the quality parameters in this study meet the quality requirements, both specific and nonspecific parameters. Total flavonoid content of the 70% ethanol extract was 2.37±0.02%. The results of the GCMS studies showed the presence of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester; squalene, methyl palmitate, methyl isopalmitate, n-tetracosanol-1 and 4-isopropyl chalcone. Conclusion: The results indicate that the 70% ethanol extracts of andaliman fruits contains 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester; squalene, methyl palmitate, methyl isopalmitate, n-tetracosanol-1 and 4-isopropyl chalcone have antioxidant activity with IC50 value 51.35 ppm.