Ganymede’s magnetic footprint brightness and location in respond to main emission

Jupiter’s aurora features have been observed by the Hubble space telescope (HST) for over two decades. One of the auroral features, Ganymede’s magnetic footprint, appears close to the main emission and is sometimes embedded in the main emission. The latter case causes difficulty in identifying Ganymede’s magnetic footprint from in the main emission. The FUV aurora images were taken by Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) onboard the HST. The fluctuations of Ganymede’s footprint brightness over time will be analyzed. Moreover, the correlation between the brightness and locations of the main emission and Ganymede’s magnetic footprint will be analyzed to characterize the connection between ionospheric phenomena and the magnetospheric dynamics. Since the main emission is very bright in comparison with the footprint, therefore, the variation of the main emission can affect the Ganymede’s magnetic footprint. Furthermore, the expansion of the main emission is consistent with the location shift of Ganymede’s magnetic footprint in equatorward direction. The brightness and location of the main emission can be influenced by the plasma variation in Jupiter’s magnetosphere which is affected partly by the volcanic eruption on Io and solar wind dynamic pressure. The variation of Ganymede magnetic footprint’s brightness and location in respond to the main emission could be an important indicator of the magnetospheric variation under the influences of internal and external factors.

Analisis Sektor Unggulan Analisis Sektor Ekonomi Unggulan Di Kabupaten Bangkalan Tahun 2015-2019

ABSTRAK Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengukur basis sektor dan non basis, pertumbuhan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan daya saing sektor ekonomi di Kabupaten Bangkalan. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan analisis Location Quotient, Dinamic Location, Shift Share dan Tipologi Klassen. Hasil yang diperoleh dari dasar penelitian sektor adalah sektor pertanian, kehutanan, dan perikanan, kontruksi, administrasi pemerintahan, pertahanan, jaminan sosial wajib dan jasa pendidikan. Sedangkan sektor non basis yaitu sektor pengolahan, pengadaan listrik dan gas, pengadaan air, pengolahan sampah, limbah daur ulang, perdagangan besar eceran, reparasi mobil sepeda motor, transportasi, pergudangan, penyedia akomodasi, makanan minum, informasi komunikasi, jasa keuangan, asuransi, jasa perusahaan, jasa kesehatan dan kegiatan sosial, serta jasa lainnya. Pemerintah Kabupaten Bangkalan efisien dapat mengembangkan sektor non basis secara, agar sektor tersebut mampu mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi dan meningkatkan nilai PDRB Kabupaten Bangkalan. Kata kunci: Sektor Basis, Sektor Non Basis, LQ, DLQ, Shift Share, Tipologi Klassen.

Sensitivity to missing not at random dropout in clinical trials: use and interpretation of the Trimmed Means Estimator

Outcome values in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) may be missing not at random (MNAR), if patients with extreme outcome values are more likely to drop out (e.g., due to perceived ineffectiveness of treatment, or adverse effects). In such scenarios, estimates from complete case analysis (CCA) and multiple imputation (MI) will be biased. The trimmed means (TM) estimator operates by setting missing values to the most extreme value, and then “trimming” away equal fractions of both treatment groups, estimating the treatment effect using the remaining data. The TM estimator relies on two assumptions, which we term the “strong MNAR” and “location shift” assumptions. In this article, we derive formulae for the bias resulting from the violation of these assumptions for normally distributed outcomes. We propose an adjusted estimator, which relaxes the location shift assumption and detail how our bias formulae can be used to establish the direction of bias of CCA, MI and TM estimates under a range of plausible data scenarios, to inform sensitivity analyses. The TM approach is illustrated with simulations and in a sensitivity analysis of the CoBalT RCT of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in 469 individuals with 46 months follow-up. Results were consistent with a beneficial CBT treatment effect. The MI estimates are closer to the null than the CCA estimate, whereas the TM estimate was further from the null. We propose using the TM estimator as a sensitivity analysis for data where it is suspected that extreme outcome values are missing.