The Roman Empire and the Kushans

It may seem strange to link the Roman Empire with a Himalayan kingdom which hardly gets a mention in most standard works on Roman history, but in fact during the second and early third centuries A. D. these two powers enjoyed a cordial and mutually profitable relationship which was of considerable economic importance to both. From the end of the first century A. D. to the middle of the third century the Kushans controlled what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, parts of Soviet and Chinese Central Asia, and much of the Ganges plain. Their history has proved difficult to reconstruct, since they left no historical writing, and even the chronology of their kings is still disputed, but enough is now known for us to begin to piece together, though still somewhat tentatively, the strange and exotic relationship between this distant state and the Roman world, and perhaps in the process to contribute from Roman history to the problems of Kushan dating.

La geologie de l'Himalaya de l'Arun

Presents stratigraphic and structural details of the Arun valley in the Himalayan range (eastern Nepal) as a supplement to data in previously published papers. The formations of the Ganges plain are probably Quaternary; the Dharan series is comparable to the middle Siwalik beds, dated as lower Miocene; the Sangouri series is Permo-Triassic; the sedimentary cover of the lower zone includes Cambrian to Carboniferous strata, and the underlying migmatites are then Precambrian; in the high peaks, the Everest series probably represents the base of the Paleozoic, and the underlying Barun gneiss is therefore probably Precambrian. Structures include an east-west system of faults and transverse north-south folds. Rapid uplift is actually taking place along the south border of the range.

La tectonique du Nepal oriental; un profil de l'Everest a la plaine du Gange

A preliminary summary of data on the structure of eastern Nepal. structural units encountered from Mount Everest through Okhaldhunga to Jaynaga on the Ganges plain are, successively: the Tibet flagstone with its granitized base, the Khumbu nappes, which are overridden by the foregoing and in turn cover the Katmandu nappes, whose front faces the Navakot nappe, which lies in structural contact on the Molasse (Tertiary) of the Siwalik range.