Planetary Cartography: Challenges for Mapping and Research Data Management

<p>The aim of this contribution is to summarize recent activities in the field of Planetary Cartography by highlighting current issues the community is facing, and by discussing future research and development opportunities.</p><p>For this contribution we focus on (1) identifying and prioritizing needs of the planetary cartography community and the possible projected timeline to address these needs, (2) updating on ongoing work and activities in the field of planetary cartography across the globe, and (3) identifying areas of evolving technologies and innovations that could become interesting for the community in the planetary mapping sciences. The topics and discussion presented here also summarize outcome from community discussions and activities over the last years (e.g. [1-10]), and continue the initial discussion we have had during the last successful EGU session on Planetary Cartography and GIS in 2020.</p><p>In particular we would like to extend our discussion and put additional emphasis on aspects of map data re-use and research data management as well as on geodetic aspects of irregular bodies that will be target of future mission programs. We would like to invite cartographers, researchers and map-enthusiasts to join this community and to start thinking about how we can jointly solve some of these challenges.</p><p>[1] Di, K. et al (2020) Topographic mapping of the Moon in the 21th century: From hectometer to millimeter scales. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLIII-B3-2020, doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2020-1117-2020.<br>[2] Hargitai, H. et al (2019) Chinese and Russian Language Equivalents of the IAU Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: an Overview of Planetary Toponym Localization Methods, The Cartographic Journal, 56:4, 335-354, doi:10.1179/1743277413Y.0000000051.<br>[3] <span>Laura, J.R. et al (2017) Towards a </span><span>planetary spatial data infrastructure. ISPRS Journal of Geo-Information 6, 181.</span><br>[4] Naß, A. et al (2019) Status and future developments in planetary cartography<br>and mapping. In: Wu et. al. (ed.) Planetary Remote Sensing and Mapping, Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-58415-0.<br>[5] Naß, A. et al (2020), GMAP Standard definition Document, 1st iteration, Europlanet H2024-RI deliverable, available at https://www.europlanet-gmap.eu/about-gmap/deliverables/.<br>[6] Naß, A. et al (submitted) Facilitating Reuse of Planetary Spatial Research Data – Conceptualizing an Open Map Repository as Part of a Planetary Research Data Infrastructure. Planetary and Space Science.<br>[7] Paganelli, F. et al (2020) The Need for Recommendations in Support of Planetary Bodies Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements Standards, submitted to the Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey White Paper 2023-2032.<br>[8] Radebaugh, J. et al (2020) Maximizing the Value of Solar System Data through Planetary Spatial Data Infrastructures, white paper submitted to the 2023–2032 Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey.<br>[9] Semenzato, A. et al (2020) An Integrated Geologic Map of the Rembrandt Basin, on Mercury, as a Starting Point for Stratigraphic Analysis. Remote Sensing, 12(19), p.3213.<br>[10] Skinner, J.A. Jr. et al (2019) Planetary geologic mapping—program status and future needs. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1012, 40 p., doi:10.3133/ofr20191012.</p>

COORDINATION OF PLANETARY COORDINATE SYSTEM RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE IAU WORKING GROUP ON CARTOGRAPHIC COORDINATES AND ROTATIONAL ELEMENTS – 2020 STATUS AND FUTURE

Our goal is to request input from the lunar and planetary community regarding issues of planetary coordinate systems and cartography standards. We begin with an overview of the work of the International Astronomical Union Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements. We briefly describe the operations and membership of the Working Group, some of the various uses of the recommendations it makes, our most recent (2018) published report and the recommendations therein, and the outlook for our next such report. We then consider several issues and questions regarding the future of the Working Group and regarding planetary cartography and planetary data spatial infrastructure in general. This includes possible near-term projects, how we and others might collect and consider community input and includes some ideas regarding possible outcomes or future work that will need to be addressed by the Working Group or other organizations.

CAMERA IMAGES GEOREFERENCING ALGORITHMS IN TECHNICAL VISION SYSTEMS WITH SEMANTIC PROCESSING

We consider existing models of matching PTZ cameras and geographic maps and their disadvantages and implementation difficulties. The mapping of rotary camera to the cartographic coordinates can form the basis of evaluating the calibration parameters of the camera in some other applications such as finding additional attributes of objects and calculating their geometric size. Models requiring in some cases the input of a single pair of points from the operator for transforming the coordinates of the image of the camera and the map for estimating the calibration parameters of video cameras are proposed. Equations of transformation between coordinates of PTZ camera and map are obtained. The new method for coordinates transformation constructing using known map coordinates and angular coordinates of PTZ cameras in cases when user has not enough data to account of surface irregularities is presented.

TOWARD AUTOMATIC GEOREFERENCING OF ARCHIVAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYS

Images from archival aerial photogrammetric surveys are a unique and relatively unexplored means to chronicle 3D land-cover changes over the past 100 years. They provide a relatively dense temporal sampling of the territories with very high spatial resolution. Such time series image analysis is a mandatory baseline for a large variety of long-term environmental monitoring studies. The current bottleneck for accurate comparison between epochs is their fine georeferencing step. No fully automatic method has been proposed yet and existing studies are rather limited in terms of area and number of dates. State-of-the art shows that the major challenge is the identification of ground references: cartographic coordinates and their position in the archival images. This task is manually performed, and extremely time-consuming. This paper proposes to use a photogrammetric approach, and states that the 3D information that can be computed is the key to full automation. Its original idea lies in a 2-step approach: (i) the computation of a coarse absolute image orientation; (ii) the use of the coarse Digital Surface Model (DSM) information for automatic absolute image orientation. It only relies on a recent orthoimage+DSM, used as master reference for all epochs. The coarse orthoimage, compared with such a reference, allows the identification of dense ground references and the coarse DSM provides their position in the archival images. Results on two areas and 5 dates show that this method is compatible with long and dense archival aerial image series. Satisfactory planimetric and altimetric accuracies are reported, with variations depending on the ground sampling distance of the images and the location of the Ground Control Points.