Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in breast cancer survivors: a nationwide cohort study

Several studies have suggested that estrogens have a protective function against lymphomagenesis. The treatment of breast cancer is driven by subtype classification, and the assessment of hormone receptor status is important for treatment selection. Thus, we evaluated the association between breast cancer and the incidence of NHL. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using a population-based nationwide registry in South Korea. We selected all women with newly diagnosed breast cancer between January 1st, 2002 and December 31st, 2016 who received curative treatment (N = 84,969) and a 1:10 sample of age-matched non-breast cancer controls (N = 1,057,674). Incident breast cancer (time-varying exposure) was the exposure and development of any type of NHL, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), mature T/NK-cell lymphomas, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), and unspecified types of NHL, was the outcome. During follow-up, 1564 incident cases of NHL occurred. The fully adjusted Hazard Ratio (HR) for NHL associated with the development of breast cancer was 1.64 (95% CI = 1.34–2.00) after adjusting for body mass index, alcohol intake, physical activity, smoking, income, and comorbidity. The adjusted HR for NHL was much higher in participants who were aged <50 years and who received hormone therapy (either tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors) than in those ≥50 years or who did not receive hormone therapy, respectively. The development of breast cancer was associated with a significantly increased risk of NHL, particularly follicular lymphoma and mature T/NK-cell lymphoma. In particular, the risk of NHL was higher in patients receiving hormone therapy and in younger patients.

MORAL VALUE FROM THE CHARACTER OF ALAN TURING IN “THE IMITATION GAME” MOVIE

The objectives of this research are to describe to discover facts about Alan Turing and the impacts of the characters on his life in order to obtain the moral value of the movie. By using qualitative method, the author describes hidden facts about Alan Turing, especially when he was given a secret mission by the British Empire during World War II to decode from Germany’s Enigma message’s machine. In this movies, his personal life and sexual deviation influence his career. In order to keep his mission going, Turing, the professor pretends to be a normal person by trying love his partner, Ms Clark. He doesn’t get any respects and losses his dignity due to his own deviant behaviors. He is sentenced and has to receive hormone therapy to make him normal and continue his mission. His struggles continue although the government ignores his invention and dedication to his country.

Reccurence of endometrioid ovarian cysts and possible ways to its reduce

Aim. Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of various types of hormone therapy for the prevention of relapses of endometrioid cysts (EC), based on clinical observation and data analysis. Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis of 122 patients (the average age 31.76.12 years) with laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis. Patients were divided into groups, according to the treatment options aGnRH (n=11), COCs (n=13), dienogest (Visanne) (n=56). A comparison group included 42 patients who did not receive hormone therapy. There were evaluated the number of reccurence in the group without therapy and in groups with different options for hormonal therapy. Results. Among patients treated with hormone therapy, the recurrence rate of EC was 3.75%, among those who have not received therapy 38.1%. Of these, 31.1% of patients had recurrence rate of EC during the first year, 37.8% during 3 years, and 31.1% after 3 years. After suppressive therapy was discontinued, the relapse rate in the aGnRH group was 63.6%, COC 50%, dienogest 24%. Conclusions. In addition to evaluating the ovarian reserve before and after surgical treatment, management tactics for patients with EC should include the long-term administration of dienogest as an anti-relapse therapy.

NEOADJUVANT ENDOCRINE THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR-POSITIVE BREAST CANCER

More than 70 % of patients with breast cancer have estrogen-receptor-positive tumors (ER+) and are considered hormone- sensitive. That is why a vast majority of patients with early operable tumors receive adjuvant endocrine therapy. Patients with metastatic ER+ breast cancer also receive hormone therapy as first-line treatment. Patients with ER+/PR+ locally advanced breast cancer including potentially operable cases (cT2N1, cT3N0M0) are still a subject to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in most of the oncology centers in Russia and worldwide. More than 10 years ago, several trials evaluating the efficacy of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy were conducted in the Petrov Research Institute of Oncology (aromatase inhibitors vs tamoxifen, neoadjuvant endocrine therapy vs neoadjuvant chemotherapy, etc.) The primary endpoint was the evaluation of pathologic complete/partial response to therapy and the frequency of breast-conserving surgeries following neoadjuvant treatment. We now represent 10-year long-term follow-up data on comparison of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with neoadjuvant endocrine therapy after retrospective determination of IHC- phenotypes of 239 patients with ER+ breast cancer. The study results show tendency to better 10-year disease-free survival in patients with luminal-A breast cancer who received endocrine therapy compared to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (72.8 % vs 53.9 %, respectively, p=0.062) There were no statistically significant differences in DFS rates among patients with the luminal B breast cancer subtype (41 % vs 40 %) The discovery of biomarkers of potential resistance to endocrine therapy (cycline-dependant kinase activity [cdk 4/6], estrogenreceptor mutation [ESR1], mTOR signaling pathway activity, co-expression of the ER and HER2neu [ER+/ HER2neu3+]) and ways to inhibit the activity of the resistance pathways (palbocyclib, everolimus, etc.) have expanded the armamentarium of endocrine-therapy for not only metastatic and locally-advanced but also operable cases of ER+ breast cancer.

Estradiol: a hormone with diverse and contradictory neuroprotective actions

The concept that estrogens exert important neuroprotective actions has gained considerable attention during the past decade. Numerous studies have provided a deep understanding of the seemingly contradictory actions of estrogens. We realize more than ever that the effects of estrogens (with and without simultaneous or sequential progestins) are diverse and sometimes opposite, depending on the use of different estrogenic and progestinic compounds, on different delivery routes, on different concentrations, on treatment sequence, and on the age and health status of the women who receive hormone therapy. During the past few years, we have gained an increasing appreciation of the impact of estrogens on the immune system and on inflammation. In addition, we have learned that estrogens cannot only protect against cell death, but can also stimulate the birth of new neurons. Here we posit the concept that estrogen's modulation of the immune status may be the basic mechanism that underlies its ability to protect against neurodegeneration and its powerful neuroregenerative actions. We hope that this update will encourage even richer dialogues between basic and clinical scientists to ensure that future clinical studies fully consider the information that can be derived from basic science studies. Only then will we have a better understanding of the impact of hormones on the menopausal and postmenopausal period in a woman's life.