Sclerotherapy of Symptomatic Nonparasitic Splenic Cysts: Excellent Long-Term Treatment Response'

Background Splenic cysts are rare and occur in 0.5 to 2% of the population. They are usually asymptomatic and do not require therapy. In case of symptomatic nonparasitic splenic cysts, potential therapy includes partial splenectomy or laparoscopic cyst de-roofing as well as ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy with 1% polidocanol or 10% sodium chloride (NaCl) as an interventional alternative. So far, single-session sclerotherapy of symptomatic nonparasitic cysts is recommended only if clear-transparent cyst fluid is aspirated. Materials and Methods We report a case series of 17 patients with symptomatic macroscopically turbid nonparasitic splenic cyst fluid who underwent ultrasound-guided fine needle sclerotherapy with either polidocanol ± 10% NaCl (n = 12) or 10% NaCl alone (n = 5) and a follow-up of a maximum of 12 years after first intervention. Clinical, sonographic, and laboratory chemistry data were recorded at baseline and during the follow-up. Results The mean follow-up time was 43.65 ± 40.18 months. At the end of the follow-up, a 79% reduction of cyst size was achieved. The maximum size reduction in the polidocanol group was 76 ± 18% and 84 ± 21% in the sodium chloride group (p >0.05). At the end of follow-up, 15 out of the 17 patients did not have any further symptoms. Despite the cystic fluid being turbid, it was hardly possible to detect a microbiological superinfection. Conclusion Sclerotherapy of splenic cysts leads to a significant size regression in all patients, independent of the sclerotherapy agent used with fewer systemic toxic side effects of polidocanol treatment. It was shown that in a tertiary care center with significant experience, sclerotherapy of splenic cysts is also safe and successful and can lead to a drastic regression of cyst size and symptoms. This shows that interventional therapy is a good alternative to surgical procedures.

Congenital cyst in female accessory spleen: a case report

Cysts found in splenic stores, of parasitic or non-parasitic origin, are rare causes of recurrent abdominal pain, but with a significant increase in the number of diagnoses in recent years. This condition is caused by the derivation of the mesothelial cell lining of the spleen capsule, occurring in 0.5 - 2% of the world population. Clinically, patients tend to remain asymptomatic for years and usually have an incidental diagnosis by imaging exams or during the investigation of diffuse and recurrent abdominal pain, rarely found in females. The treatment of splenic cysts is performed through video laparoscopic splenic resection.

SURGICAL OPTIONS FOR NONPARASITIC SPLENIC CYSTS

Nonparasitic splenic cysts (NPSCs) are uncommon lesions of the spleen,clinically, they may be asymptomatic. Their classification includes two basic groups: the true cysts or primary cysts and false or pseudo cysts based on the presence or absence of an epithelial lining. The need for surgery of nonparasitic cysts is due to the development of complications: suppuration, hemorrhage into the cavity of the cyst and its rupture. Historically, the conventional surgical method was splenectomy, however, complete removal of the organ, especially at a young age, often led to life-threatening infectious complications. Spleen-preserving surgeryis considered to be analternative to classicalsplenectomy: partial resection of the spleen and fenestration with excisionof extra-hepaticcyst wall. However, as clinical practice has shown, these methods can be effectively used exclusively for the treatment of superficial cysts, and during the operation the ruptures of the capsule of the pathological focus with bleeding are observed. According to the general tendency in surgery to reduce the traumatization all patients were worked up with an ultrasound and X-Ray examination of the abdomen to look for the size and location of the splenic cysts. These operations include: drainage with sclerosing of the cyst and deepithelialization with superselective arterial embolization of the feeding vascular pedicle of the pathological focus. The study of these techniques revealed their weak points: the recurrence rate of cysts after sclerosis was 30-50%, and the use of embolizing agents in 50% of cases is complicated by ischemia of an organ segment with possible formation of an infarction zone in the early postoperative period. Nowadays the most promising method is considered to be a microwave ablation. Its thermal effect creates coagulation necrosis of the pathological focus and surrounding tissues with minimal toxic effects. This approach decidedly requires further research.

Giant complex non-parasitic splenic cyst in a young boy: is laparoscopic spleen-preserving surgery safe?

Non-parasitic splenic cysts are an uncommon finding in pediatric patients. We report on a 14-year-old male presenting with a giant abdominal mass. Imaging documented a giant splenic cyst, and preoperative blood tests revealed high levels of CA125. Minimally invasive unroofing of the cyst was performed. Notably, the cyst content was hematic, but histopathological studies described a mesothelial cyst lining. To date, no recurrence has been noted. Laparoscopic spleen-preserving surgery appears to be a valid and safe treatment option in children with complex non-parasitic splenic cyst to preserve the splenic parenchyma.

The Mangement of Splenic Cysts in Children

Introduction: Tumors of the spleen are rare in children, but they present a wide range of diagnostic, histological and radiological appearance. Splenic cysts are far more common than solid lesions. Cysts may be congenital (epidermoid cysts), infectious (abscess or hydatid cyst), or neoplastic (lymphangioma or angioma with tumor necrosis). They are most often asymptomatic. Diagnosis can usually be established with the clinical context and radiology (ultrasound, CT, MRI). Different options for the management of splenic cysts are available to the pediatric surgeon, ranging from simple monitoring to surgical excision. Minimally invasive surgical techniques and spleen conservative surgery have made splenic surgery less aggressive. The aim of the study was to describe the clinical and paraclinical characteristics of splenic cysts in children, and to assess their management. Patients and Methods: In a retrospective study within the pediatric surgery department in tunis, Tunisia, we have collected five children with a diagnosis of splenic cyst during the last decade. We specified for each patient the functional signs and physical examination data, ultrasound and CT were done for the patients, specifying the location and the size of the cysts. Hydatic serology was done when the parasitological origin was suggested. After surgical management and histological confirmation, the follow–up was based on clinical examination and abdominal ultrasound. Results: They were three girls and two boys. The average age is ten and a half years. All patients were symptomatic with abdominal pain. The size of the cysts was significantly increased in all patients with an average of 11 cm. Surgery was indicated for all cases. Three patients had cystic resection and two had partial splenectomy. The histology objectified epithelial cyst for three patients and hydatid cyst of the spleen for the other two cases. The subsequent outcome was favorable for all patients with a current mean follow-up of three years. Conclusion: Splenic cysts are rare in children and their management is still controversial. In splenic cysts, imaging can give clues to the diagnosis, but it often requires pathological examination of the part. Resection should be as limited as possible in order to avoid the risk of total splenectomy.

Laparoscopic spleen-preserving dome resection for a giant primary epithelial splenic cyst

Non-parasitic splenic cysts are rare and are seldom diagnosed outside the paediatric surgical practice. Giant true primary epithelial cysts greater than 14 cm in diameter are even rarer. Laparoscopic surgery is preferable; however, bleeding, splenectomy and recurrence are recognised risks. Here, we report a young female patient with a 21 cm symptomatic primary splenic cyst. The patient underwent a spleen-preserving laparoscopy and was followed up for 2 years when she had an MRI of the abdomen. Surgical, technical and perioperative treatment aspects are discussed here, in the context of the current literature.

Conservative (non-invasive) management of children with splenic cysts

Surgeons’ views on tactics for treatment of splenic cysts (SC) in children are widely discussed in the literature. Indications and methods of conservative (non-invasive) management (observation) of children with SC is different issue. Purpose – to develop rational tactical approache for conservative (non-invasive) management of children with SC. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of conservative (non-invasive) management of 90 (33.96%) of 265 patients with SC was performed. Children were not operated if the SC was less than 20 mm (n=61) in diameter. They were first monitored by ultrasound 2 times for 6 months, then – 2 times a year, until puberty. We did not observe the progression of cyst growth in these children. Also did not operate children in whom the size of SC was from 20 to 62 mm, had an asymptomatic course and parents did not consent to surgical treatment (n=29). This is the most difficult group of patients to analyze, as most of them lack information about the dynamic observation. According to the results of dynamic observation in 19 of 29 examined patients’ regression of SC was not observed, which later served as an indication for surgical treatment. Results and conclusions. In the presence of SC, a choice of surgical treatment or conservative (non-invasive) management is possible. Tactical approach for treatment of children with SC is strictly individual and depends on the size and location of the parenchymal lesion. In SC up to 20 mm diameter, conservative (non-invasive) management is rational, which is confirmed by the lack of progression of cyst growth in these children. Dynamic observation of patients with SC with a diameter of more than 20 mm without regression, serves as an indication for surgical treatment. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of an participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: spleen cyst, children, conservative, non-invasive, management, results.

Two cases of non-parasitic splenic cysts and spleen-preserving therapy

We review two different presentations of non-parasitic splenic cysts, both of which are post-traumatic in aetiology. The first case was of slower onset and was managed electively. The second case was of acute onset and was managed as an emergency. Non-parasitic splenic cysts are uncommon and the optimal management strategy for them is not well defined. Historically, treatment has been with open splenectomy; however, infection rates following this surgery have been high, making it an unattractive management option. Both cases were managed successfully with laparoscopic fenestration with no recurrence at subsequent follow-up.

Splenic Epidermoid Cyst - A Rare Case Managed in a private medical college hospital of Bangladesh

Splenic cysts are rarely detected, and clinically diagnosed commonly as spleenomegaly . Thenature of the cyst could not be diagnosed pre-operatively because of its’ anatomical location andonly be confirmed by the histopathological assessments. These cysts are found as a sequel ofsplenic infarct followed by the abscess formation. This is a very rare condition of a minor boy ofonly 10 years’ old who presented with a hugely enlarged spleen. The common investigation(s)did not prove that it was in the haematological conditions. Ultrasonogram (USG) investigationshows spleenomegaly due to the cystic lesion. CT scan of the abdomen showed large andwell defined cystic mass which was 13.4cmX7.9cmX15.3cm in size, multi-loculated, septated,sharply demarcated as such well delineated cyst. After necessary preparation like vaccination,blood grouping, cross matching and other fitness, laparotomy and total spleenectomy was doneas the cyst occupied most of the Splenic tissue. The post operative recovery was uneventful andthe final diagnosis was confirmed by histopatholgical examinations as epidermoid cyst of thespleen. The patient was followed up for two consecutive months and not a single complicationwas noticed. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(1) 2021 p.177-180