AKTIVITAS HARIAN DAN FREKUENSI BEGGING BEHAVIOUR DARI ELANG BONDOL (Haliastur indus) SITAAN DI PUSAT PENYELAMATAN SATWA, TABANAN, BALI

Brahminy kite (Haliastur indus) is one of bird of prey species that occupy position as top predator. Many brahminy kite was captured and was kept as pet which caused those birds lose their ability to hunt as a result of being caged for too long and for not to be trained to hunt. In Bali Wildlife Rescue Centre, the confiscated brahminy kite showed begging behavior in which the birds “whine” every time a human approach. This kind of behaviour affect their readiness to be released in the wild. The purpose of this study was to determine the daily activity and the frequency of begging behaviour of confiscated brahminy kite in Bali Wildlife Rescue Centre. This study was conducted in January 2020. This study found that the brahminy kite at the Bali Wildlife Rescue Centre spent the most of their time for perching. The second highest activity was preening, whereas the least activities were feeding and moving. The highest percentage to beg in brahminy kite was recorded in the morning, whereas the lowest percentage was in the midday. The results of this study indicate that the confiscated brahminy kite at the Bali Wildlife Rescue Centre still needs more time to be rehabilitated prior released ack into the wild.

Gull chicks grow faster but lose telomeres when prenatal cues mismatch the real presence of sibling competitors

During embryonic life, individuals should adjust their phenotype to the conditions that they will encounter after birth, including the social environment, if they have access to (social) cues that allow them to forecast future conditions. In birds, evidence indicates that embryos are sensitive to cues from clutch mates, but whether embryos adjust their development to cope with the expected level of sibling competition has not hitherto been investigated. To tackle this question, we performed a ‘match versus mismatch' experimental design where we manipulated the presence of clutch mates (i.e. clutch size manipulation) and the real (postnatal) level of sibling competition (i.e. brood size manipulation) in the yellow-legged gull ( Larus michahellis) . We provide evidence that the prenatal cues of sibling presence induced developmental changes (such as epigenetic profiles) that had programming effects on chick begging behaviour and growth trajectories after hatching. While receiving mismatching information favoured chick begging and growth, this came at the cost of reduced antioxidant defences and a premature loss of telomeres. Our findings highlight the role of the prenatal social environment in developmental plasticity and suggest that telomere attrition may be an important physiological cost of phenotype–environment mismatch.

COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY AND BEGGARS AS IDENTITY MARKER OF COMMUNITY: THE CASE OF SACRED AURA IN PILGRIMAGE AREA

Pada tahun 1812, pembangunan kubah di atas makam Syekh Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari di Astambul pada dasarnya merupakan penghargaan kepada ulama tersebut sebagai salah satu pemimpin Muslim yang berpengaruh. Namun, tujuan utama telah berubah sementara jumlah pengunjung telah meningkat. Kegiatan komersial tidak dapat dipisahkan dari orang-orang yang ingin menuai manfaat dan manfaatnya. Keberadaa sejumlah pengemis di desa ini menjadikan situs ziarah ini dikenal sebagai desa dengan banyak pengemis. Artikel ini bermaksud untuk mengidentifikasi keterlibatan sakralitas dalam objek peziarah dan peran kesakralan dalam aktivitas komersial dan pengemis di area makam Syekh Muhammad Arsyad, kota Astambul. Kajian ini dilakukan dengan observasi fenomenologis, wawancara dengan jamaah haji dan masyarakat setempat yang menunjukkan objek ziarah religius dan sisi komersialnya untuk membawa manfaat bagi pelestarian situs ziarah agama. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis melihat bahwa pelestarian makam yang disucikan telah menjadi generator ekonomi bagi masyarakat lokal dan pemerintah. Selain itu, perilaku mengemis dari penduduk desa telah meningkatkan identifikasi di antara para peziarah untuk menandai tempat ziarah ini sebagai tempat dengan banyak pengemis. In 1812, the building of the dome on the grave of Syekh Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari in Astambul city basically is a form of homage for the clergy as one of the influential Muslim. However, the main purpose changes in a row with an increasing number of visitors. Hence, commercial activities cannot be far from the people who want to gain the benefits and merits thereof. Moreover, a number of beggars in this village have made this pilgrimage site is well known as the village with a lot of beggars. This paper will focus on the shrine of Syekh Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari in Astambul city. The purpose of this paper is to identify the involvement of sacredness into the tourist object and to identify the role of government with commercial activity and beggars in the shrine of Syekh Muhammad Arsyad in Astambul city. In this respect, we carried out phenomenological observations, interviews with tourists and local people indicating religious tourist object and its commercial side to bring about benefits for the religious pilgrimage site preservation. In this study, the author sees that the preservation of sanctified tomb has become an economic generator for the local people and government. In another case, the begging behaviour of villagers has raised identification among the tourist to mark this pilgrimage place as the village with a lot of beggars.

Size matters but hunger prevails—begging and provisioning rules in blue tit families

It is commonly observed in many bird species that dependent offspring vigorously solicit for food transfers provided by their parents. However, the likelihood of receiving food does not only depend on the parental response, but also on the degree of sibling competition, at least in species where parents raise several offspring simultaneously. To date, little is known about whether and how individual offspring adjusts its begging strategy according to the entwined effects of need, state and competitive ability of itself and its siblings. We here manipulated the hunger levels of either the two heaviest or the two lightest blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) nestlings in a short-term food deprivation experiment. Our results showed that the lightest nestlings consistently begged more than the heaviest nestlings, an effect that was overruled by the tremendous increase in begging behaviour after food deprivation. Meanwhile, the amplified begging signals after food deprivation were the only cue for providing parents in their decision process. Furthermore, we observed flexible but state-independent begging behaviour in response to changes in sibling need. As opposed to our expectations, nestlings consistently increased their begging behaviour when confronted with food deprived siblings. Overall, our study highlights that individual begging primarily aims at increasing direct benefits, but nevertheless reflects the complexity of a young birds’ family life, in addition to aspects of intrinsic need and state.

Effect of Variation in Nestling Hunger Levels on the Begging Behaviour of Nestlings and the Provisioning Behaviour of Adult American Kestrels

Little is known about how variation in nestling begging intensity influences the behaviour of adult raptors and how responses of adult males and females to such variation might differ. Our objective was to manipulate the begging intensity of nestling American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) and examine the responses of adults. We studied 12 pairs of American Kestrels nesting in nest boxes from 1 March to 1 July 2014 at the Blue Grass Army Depot, Madison County, Kentucky. Nest boxes were modified with a separate compartment for a camcorder to record nestling behaviour, and a second camcorder was placed outside the nests to monitor adult behaviour. To manipulate nestling hunger levels, 12 to 26-day-old nestlings in six nests were deprived of food for 24 h and those in the other six nests were fed until satiated. At each nest, we alternated control (no treatment) and treatment (fed or food deprived) days over a 4 day period to minimise the possible effect of nestling age on adult and nestling behaviour. Nestling begging intensity differed among treatments, with nestlings in food-deprived nests begging with greater intensity after food deprivation and those in fed-treatment nests begging with less intensity after being fed. Adult male and female American Kestrels provisioned nestlings at similar rates, with both sexes feeding nestlings at higher rates after food deprivation and at lower rates after fed treatments. Thus, the begging behaviour of nestling American Kestrels varied with hunger level, and adult American Kestrels responded by adjusting provisioning rates. Although the response of adults to nestling begging suggests that natural selection might favour ‘dishonest’ begging to obtain more food, the potential costs of ‘dishonest’ begging, such as attracting predators, reduced immunocompetence, and loss of indirect fitness benefits if such begging negatively impacts siblings and parents, may outweigh any possible benefit.