EFFECT OF SURFACTANTS ON THE REDUCTION OF LEAD(II) IONS ON LEAD ELECTRODE

The effect high molecular weight water-soluble surfactants with different functional groups have on the electroreduction of lead(II) ions on a lead electrode in various electrolytes is studied. A copolymer of methacryloylaminophenol with acrylic acid, a leather waste hydrolyzate, and a copolymer of monoethanolamine with vinyl ether acetate are used as surfactants. The electrolytes that are used are 1 M KCl, KBr, KNO3, HCOONa, NH2SO3H, 0.5 M Na2SO4, and 0.35 M Na3C6H5O7 .2H2O. It is shown that in 1.0 M KCl or KBr solutions, there is no inhibition of the electroreduction of lead(II) ions by the adsorption layers of surfactants. It is found that the inhibitory effect of polymers on the electroreduction of lead(II) ions in different background electrolytes increases in the order KCl > KBr > Na3C6H5O7.2H2O > Na2SO4 > KNO3 > HCOONa > NH2SO3H. Key words: lead ions, electroreduction, surfactants, electrolyte, lead electrode, exchange current.

CLINICAL AND LABORATORY CHARACTERISTICS IN LEAD POISONING CHILDREN IN POISON CONTROL CENTER BACH MAI HOSPITAL

Background: Lead poisoning is a common emergency in the worldwide. When exposure in the body, lead will affect most organs and systems such as neurologic, hematologic, renal, gastrointestinal, bone, immune. In particular, children with lead poisoning can be severe as convulsions, coma, meningitis, kidney failure. Objective: Evaluate the clinical, Laboratory of children with lead poisoning treated at the Poison Control Center in Bach Mai Hospital. Methodology: Retrospective descriptive study with 108 patients at the Poison Control Center in Bach Mai Hospital from 3/2012 to 9/2013. Results: The first symptoms after lead exposure: seizure (26.9%), vomiting (5.6%), diarrhea (4.6%). The intensity of symptoms correlated with lead serum level (p<0.05). The mean serum lead level were 56,1 µg/dl; mean urine lead level were 0.08 g/l, maximum concentration was 0,46 g/l. A half of cases have mild and morderate anemia, it had correlation with serum lead level. There were 20 patients (33%) had epilesy wave form in encephalo-electro-graphies. Conclusion: It is necessary to assess sign and symtoms of neurologic (seizures, li packages, irritability, cranial nerve paralysis, decreased motor spirit), gastrointestine (vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain), hematologic (anemia mild to moderate) for the early diagnosis of lead poisoning, avoid heavy complications in children. Key words: Lead poisoning, children, clinical and paraclinical lead poisoning.