Overactive bladder

Urinary incontinence is a problem among both older and young women. The most common symptoms of this condition include urinary incontinence and an unpleasant odour. In order to conceal the ailments related to this problem, women change their lifestyle by limiting the amount of fluid consumed and not moving too far from home or places where toilets are located. The main source of information on this disease in women aged over 45 is books, magazines and websites. Medical personnel are only ranked behind them. In order to make a correct diagnosis of this disease and to start treatment, urodynamic examination, urinalysis, cystoscopy and imaging examinations should be performed. Urodynamic examination can be divided into two groups: invasive and non-invasive. The micturition diary is considered to be the basic urodynamic test. It allows for performing differential diagnosis of functional micturition disorders. It is characterized by high repeatability and correlation with clinical symptoms. Treatment options are dependent on the type of urinary incontinence. They may include conservative treatment, surgery and pharmacotherapy. Combining conservative methods with pharmacological or surgical methods brings the most beneficial results. Invasive methods are the last-line therapy.

Prenatal perineal findings and possible clinical scenario

The fetus’s perineal area has not traditionally been the focus for the prenatal echoscopy, mainly because adequate visualization depends on fetus’s position. However, it is precisely thanks to the targeted attention to the perineal area that we sometimes manage to find not only quite curious but clinically significant findings.Sacrococcygeal teratoma can grow large and affect the natural birth process. When localized in the perineal region, it sometimes leads to defecation and micturition disorders. In addition, intestinal loops may be located in the tumor structure, which leads to deformation and the risk of hernia formation. In the presence of a giant sacrococcygeal teratoma, the following events may occur: heart failure leading to fetal hydrops, obstruction of the urinary tract, obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract, impaired innervation of organs due to compression, intratumoral hemorrhage, intrauterine anemia. Hymenal pathology is quite rare in everyday clinical practice. Usually, it is one of the two most common nosologies: hymenal polyp or imperforate hymen. These two anomalies occur almost exclusively in childhood or immediately after menarche. At a later age, the preserved or dysmorphic hymen can present difficulties in diagnosing and treating intravaginal pathological processes. In this article, we would like to bring to your attention two clinical cases with different prognosis to draw colleagues’ attention to the need for a targeted assessment of the perineal area and correct prenatal counseling for a couple, because the ranking of the severity of the probable consequences is significant. Thus, some findings will require only adequate monitoring in childhood, others – may be the cause of premature birth, changes in delivery tactics or immediate surgery after birth.

Analysis of lower urinary tract disease of dogs

ABSTRACT: Lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD) include different conditions that affect the urinary bladder, urethra and prostate. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of different related diseases, to characterize the population affected, and to determine risk factors in dogs. The clinical cases were diagnosed with LUTD through physical examination, and clinical laboratory and imaging studies. Male dogs had a greater predisposition to present a LUTD. Dogs from 3 months to 18 years with a median of 8 years were affected, and the most affected breeds were Poodle, Labrador, German shepherd, Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel and Chihuahua. The LUTD presented with the following frequencies: bacterial urinary tract infection 34.02%; micturition disorders 22.68%; urolithiasis 20.61%; prostatic disease 14.43%; traumatic problems 8.24%. Sixty-seven per cent of the cases were specific diseases, such as uncomplicated and complicated bacterial urinary tract infections, urinary retention of neurologic origin and silica urolithiasis.