Analyse of the Evolution of the Hygrothermal Properties of the Hemp-Based Mortar within the Framework of the Total Weathering Protocol

The use of bio-based composites for building insulation is interesting from the point of view of hygrothermal performances, economic and environmental benefits. Among different organic fibers for these materials, hemp is interesting because of its huge availability in France. Nevertheless, the broad application of the hemp-based insulation mortars is hampered due to the lack of a database on their durability. This paper consists of a better understanding of the evolution of the hemp-based composite and its hygrothermal properties. The main objectives are, first, to study the evolution of the hemp insulation mortar microstructure and properties under the accelerated aging cycles, and second, to characterize and analyze the interconnection between observed changes. Experimentally, the protocol of accelerated aging inspired by standardized one was proposed, the microstructural characteristics and the hygrothermal properties, as the total porosity, the thermal conductivity, and the moisture buffer value (MBV) before and after the aging cycles was identified. The MBV characterization was performed for both hemp mortar and hemp shives. The obtained results reveal the increase of the hemp mortar porosity and the decrease of the hemp mortar's thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the MBV value of hemp mortar changes slightly, unlike that of the bulk hemp, which is explained by the mineral matrix's influence. These results consist of data for a better forecast on the degradation of the hemp mortar.

Impact of Biobased Surfactants on Hygrothermal Behaviour of Gypsum Foams

Reduce the impact of the building sector has become a key point of sustainable development. The production of lightweight materials for the building industry is therefore a must. To produce such materials, foaming is a process commonly used to trap air bubbles and achieve a range of low densities. A sufficient low thermal conductivity and an acceptable ability to regulate humidity variations in order to limit overall energy consumption are the sought properties. In this study, a direct foaming method is applied to formulate gypsum foams using a commercial Plaster and two biobased foaming agents based on proteins. An anionic surfactant (α-olefin sulphonate sodium salt) is used as a reference surfactant. Varying the mixing time, protein content and water content, gypsum foams were produced. The foam volume is measured continuously during the mixing step and the foam homogeneity is controlled. The densities of fresh foams and of the hardened foams are used to identify the links between formulation and foams properties. Gypsum foam specimens with different densities ranging from 300 to 750 kg/m3 are produced. The thermal conductivity and the Moisture Buffer Value measurements are performed. Such properties appear directly linked to the porosity and pore connection of the foams. The obtained results highlight the contribution of biobased surfactant to the performance of gypsum foams.

Simultaneous HPLC estimation of Amphetamine and Caffeine abuse drugs in Iraqi human addicts

The main aim of this research is to establish and validate a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) process for the separation and estimation of Amphetamine (AM) and Caffeine (CAF) in its illegal formula and in sera of addicts. This method is established on the HPLC separation of the two drugs on the ZORBAX ODS column (250×4.6×5µm particle size). The mobile phase contained 1% ortho-phosphoric acid 85% and 1%of diethyl amine 99%, acetonitrile and methanol ratio was 85:10:5 v/v/v. The flow rate is 1.2 mL.min-1, buffer value pH of 2.5 via isocratic elution also UV detection at 210 nm. The retention times for the two drugs AM and CAF were obtained at 4.425 and 6.456 min, respectively. The calibration curves founded that the linear regression analysis data gave a good linear relationship for the concentration range 1 to 100 µg.mL-1 for AM and CAF. The values achieved for correlation coefficient, slope and intercept were 9999, 8104.2 and 5012 for AM and 0.9999, 9698.5 and 6342.9 for CAF, whereas the LOD and LOQ was 0.51, 1.64 µg.mL-1 for AM and 0.60, 1.32 µg.mL-1 for CAF

Hygrothermal and Mechanical Behaviors of Fiber Mortar: Comparative Study between Palm and Hemp Fibers

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the hygrothermal and mechanical properties of innovative mortar mixtures reinforced with natural fibers. Fibers extracted from palm stems (PS) and hemp (HF) were evaluated at different percentages. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations showed that the PS fibers have rough surfaces and very complex microstructures. Prior to their incorporation into the mortar, the fibers were subjected to different treatments to reduce their hydrophilic character. The employed treatments showed good efficiency in reducing the water absorption of both PS and HF fiber types. Furthermore, the mortar mixtures incorporating these fibers exhibited low thermal conductivity and excellent moisture buffering capacity. Indeed, the moisture buffer value (MBV) of the investigated mixtures ranged between 2.7 [g/(%HR·m2)] and 3.1 [g/(%HR·m2)], hence providing them excellent moisture regulator character. As expected, the fiber mortar mixtures showed very high porosity and low compressive strength ranging between 0.6 and 0.9 MPa after 28 days of age. The low-environmental footprint materials developed in this study are intended for thermal insulation and building filling.

A mathematical model for predicting the indoor moisture variation by using moisture buffering theory

Indoor air humidity evaluation plays an of great importance role on the thermal comfort and building energy consumption. The utilization of hygroscopic materials as building materials acts on the indoor air humidity by regulating its humidity fluctuations, and then reduces a certain fraction of energy consumption on the air conditioning systems. Based on the Fick’s law, the physical process inside these hygroscopic materials requires the determinations of hygrothermal properties, which signify the extensive and reiterative experiments. While in many building simulation toolboxes, moisture buffering behavior has been evaluated by either simple approximations or complicated heat and mass model. In this case, we developed a mathematical model about the moisture transport with acceptable solution time and accuracy in terms of the moisture buffer value (MBV) theory. Considering that MBV originally represents the moisture buffering capacity of those hygroscopic materials, we did some mathematical deduction about MBVs under different boundary conditions. Then the definition of time-average MBV has been used, and all the required parameters was obtained from the practical MBV test. By comparing the new moisture buffer value model (MBM) with HAMT model, the results indicated that MBM could provide reasonably accurate prediction for indoor moisture variation.

Moisture Buffer Value of Composite Material Made of Clay- Sand Plaster and Wastepaper

The scope of the Nordtest method is to evaluate the moisture buffer value (MBV) for materials exposed to indoor air. The test is intended to simulate daily variations with relative humidity (RH) of 75% during 8 hours and 33% during 16 hours.Many authors have noted that clay plaster has a very good MBV (Altmäe et al. 2019). Our previous tests have shown that the MBV of clay plaster can be increased by adding paper plaster mixture (Nutt et al. 2020a). The specimen made according to a recipe contains the following: waste paper, glue, clay plaster mixture and water. Eleven paper plaster mixtures with different percentages were used.Test results showed that a large percentage of paper in the plaster increases the MBV. An impressive result, which needs to be studied further, was that the MBV was the highest in the mixture that consisted of 80% paper.

The Effects of Natural Paint on the Moisture Buffering Ability of Paper Plaster

The scope of the Nordtest method is to evaluate the moisture buffer value (MBV) of materials exposed to indoor air. The test is intended to simulate daily variations with relative humidity (RH) between 75 % during 8 hours and 33 % during 16 hours.The specimens follow a recipe that consists of waste paper, glue and water. Specimens made of paper plaster were covered with different colours.The results of the experiment showed that the type of paint used and the number of layers applied affected the MBV. Natural colours have a better moisture permeability than chemical paints, but the number of natural colour layers affects the MBV. The higher the number of layers, the lower the MBV.

Industrial bio-based plant aggregates as hygric and insulating construction materials for energy efficient building

In this paper, the bulk density, microstructure, porosity and pore size distribution of the selected aggregates, including hemp shiv, flax shiv, rape shiv and wheat straw, are fully studied due to these properties are highly related to their excellent characteristics and more or less linked to the properties of the final product. The scanning electron microscope results showed all the selected aggregates have a highly porous and complex hierarchical structure, whereas the arrangement of pores and the thickness of cell wall are significantly different among these aggregates. All the selected aggregates had a low bulk density ranging from 30 to 130 kg · m−3 and a high porosity between 75.81% and 88.74%. The thermal conductivity of the selected bio-aggregates ranged from 0.04 to 0.06 W·m−1·K−1. The thermal conductivity of the selected aggregates was not only depending on the bulk density of the sample but also depending on the raw material. Hemp shiv, rape shiv and flax shiv were excellent hygric regulators with moisture buffer value (MBV) ranging from 2.07 to 2.36 g·m−2·%RH−1, whereas, wheat straw had a lower MBV value ranging from 1.76 to 1.97 g·m−2·%RH−1. The results showed that particle size does not affect the MBV value. The MBV value increases linearly with bulk density.

Moisture Buffering of Multilayer Internal Wall Assemblies at the Micro Scale: Experimental Study and Numerical Modelling

In this paper, a series of experiments assessing the moisture buffer value (MBV) of four internal wall assembly samples made from hygroscopic materials was performed. A modified Nordtest protocol was used. Moisture buffer values of all the investigated wall assemblies, with varying moisture loads in the range of 50% to 80%, showed a moderate moisture buffer value (MBV: 0.5–1.0 (g·m−2·%RH−1)). The results showed that in a wall assembly where the MBV of the whole assembly is lower than the MBV of the outer layers, the moisture-buffering capacity of the inner layer is untapped. Outer layers affect inner layers by changing their moisture-buffering capacity, which in turn changes the overall performance of the whole assembly. In addition, it was observed that if the penetration depth value of the outer layer is greater than its thickness, vapour reaches into the deeper layer and wall assemblies made of layers with materials characterized by a lower value of penetration depth reach steady state more slowly. The WUFI Pro tool was used to compare the simulated and experimental results. Despite the discrepancies between these results, it offers a simplified method, helping designers make decisions about which materials to choose to improve the moisture-buffering effect.