COVID-19 Mutation and Impact on Various Organs

Background: COVID-19 is the continuously evolving pandemic affecting billions of people. The viruses are notorious for mutations in them. Novel coronavirus is no exception to mutation and mutated into various strains according to geographical locations. Summary: The recent second and third wave which is actually a resurgence in COVID-19 cases after a steep fall is attributed to the mutation that is occurring in novel coronavirus. Various strains has been isolated and is being under study to tackle their menace. But blaming completely the mutant version of the virus is unjust as there are other factors such as lax implementation of preventive measures, negligence on account of people by not wearing masks and not following physical distancing. The impact of COVID-19 on human organ system is almost negative and affects the functioning of the organ adversely. Therefore proper care must be taken to ensure the safety of oneself. Conclusion: Mutations in viruses cannot be stopped and solution lies within us. By following preventive measures and guidelines issued by WHO and other competent authority can a key to keep oneself self. Also balance diet along with proper exercise can help in these pandemic. More study needs to be done to establish various correlation so than containment plan of COVID-19 can be modifies accordingly.

Current Status and Prevention of COVID-19What Do We Know?

COVID-19 spread across the world, like a wildfire during the first half of the year 2020. It coincided with the flu season in countries located in northern and southern latitudes, during their respective winter periods. Whereas in the middle east, during its summertime people develop hypovitaminosis D, when people completely avoid the sun due to extreme heat. Consequently, people stay away from the hot sun and consequently, vitamin D concertation and the innate immunity reduce, increaseing the risks of acquiring respiratory viral infections. Thus, it is not necessary the low temperature and high humidity but the lack of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) B rays from the sunlight that reduces the population vitamin D concentration, which weakens the immunity, thereby increasing the risk of contracting COVID-19, and to develop associated complications and deaths. The effective public health modes for prevention of COVID-19 includes, wearing face masks properly covering nose and mouth, avoid crowd gatherings, especially in enclosed spaces, washing hands each time returned to office or home, and having a balance diet with adequate micronutrients, and these use of UVC lamps. At present there is no specific antiviral, or safe, effective, and affordable vaccine against COVID-19; it is unlikely such would materialize during the year 2020 or even beyond. At present, the only proven intervention that prevent COVID-19 and reduces its complications and deaths is vitamin D.

The Effectiveness of the Information, Communication, and Education Model for Balance Diet and Against Stunting in the First 1000 Days of Life: A Literature Review

BACKGROUND: The important reason why the first 1000 days are a vulnerable period is that this is a time of very rapid growth and development for a child. One of the efforts to increase this awareness concerning child growth and development is information, communication, and education (ICE). AIM: This study was performed to determine the effectiveness of the ICE model for nutritional against stunting in the first 1000 days of life. METHODS: This study used a literature review of published research articles on the effectiveness of the ICE model for nutritional against stunting in the first 1000 days of life published between December 2010 and December 2018 in PubMed and Proquest online article database. Data collection techniques by entering keywords in the database, keywords used: Intervention AND Model OR Media AND health promotion*health-promoting OR health education OR health information OR health communication*health communicating AND golden age OR first 2 years AND infant OR child AND maternal AND parenting AND diet OR nutritional status AND stunting. RESULTS: This study investigated 682 articles. There were six articles included in the literature review. The results showed that to design or develop the ICE model, it is important to pay attention and consider several elements of communication such as promoters (mediators of message delivery); the content of messages, medias or model of message deliveries, message delivery techniques, and the session or frequency of message deliveries. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed an effectiveness of the ICE model for nutritional against stunting in the first 1000 days of life.

PENGARUH PENDIDIKAN GIZI DENGAN POSTER DAN KARTU GIZI TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP ANAK TENTANG GIZI SEIMBANG DI SDN PLOSO I-172 SURABAYA

The prevalence of childhood obesity in Indonesia increase from year to year. This circumstance is believed to be associated with the high consumption of fatty foods and lack of knowledge of a balanced diet. Conducting the nutrition education of balance diet (nutrition counseling) is one of the ways to improve knowledge and attitude towards nutrition and to reduce nutritional problems. The study aims to analyze the effect of nutrition education by utilizing the poster and nutrition card on elementary students at SDN Ploso I-172 Surabaya. This study was Quasi-experimental research with pre-post test design involving 29 samples of elementary students at SDN Ploso I-172 Surabaya. The samples were chosen through a simple random sampling technique. The data were collected by interview using the questionnaire. The statistical test utilized the Paired Sample T-Test. The nutrition education with posters media increased the students’ knowledge (p=0.005) and attitude (p <0.001) on a balanced diet after the intervention. Similarly, in the case of nutrition education using nutrition card, there was an increase in knowledge (p=0.016) and attitude (0.002). The average students’ knowledge before they got nutrition education with poster media was 9.40, which then increased to 11.00, while the average students’ attitude score also increased from 71.47 to 78.20. The average students’ knowledge before they were given nutrition education with nutrition card media was 8.86 and increased to 11.57, the average students’ attitude value also increased from 72.21 to 79.28. In conclusion, there were the effects of nutrition education intervention using poster and nutrition card in improving the knowledge and attitude on balance diet of elementary students at SDN Ploso I-172 Surabaya

Comparative Studies on the Proximate Composition of Three Tubers of Dioscorea Species in Anyigba, Kogi State

The third world countries are not just suffering from food shortage, they are also plagued by malnutrition which stems from poverty coupled with inadequate informations about the nutritional contents of foods consume by most of her populace. Yam is a stable food consume by millions of Nigerians and the decision of which species to consume is often based on palatability and availability. Proximate analysis was carried out on D. rotundata., D. cayenensis and D. alata to compare their protein, carbohydrate, moisture, crude fibre, fat and ash content. The result reveals that Carbohydrate content of D. cayenensis (50.60%) was higher when compared to D. rotundata (48.8%) and D. alata (36.02%). Also, the crude fibre of D. alata (5.26%) was significantly higher compared to D. cayenensis (4.86%) and D. rotundata (4.75%), similar result was obtained for the protein content of D. alata; which was 3.46% compared to D. cayanensis (2.13%) and D. rotundata (1.61%) respectively. This research concludes that the proximate composition of the Dioscorea species studied varied significantly. Yam consumers and nutritionist are advised to select their yam species in view of the various proximate constituents to achieve a well balance diet in terms of food and composite flour. The cultivation of the D. alata species should be encouraged because of its low Carbohydrate and high protein contents, thus making it suitable for diabetic patients or people suffering from related illnesses.

THE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY STIGMATIZATION AMONG PRIVATE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN SHAH ALAM, MALAYSIA

Introduction: Stigma and discrimination toward obese person are pervasive and have created various consequences for their psychological and physical health. Various studies in American society showed obese person are negatively stereotyped. The aim of the study is to identifying the perceptions of students towards the obesity stigmatisation. Methods: This study used 300 students who will answer a self-administered questionnaire on obese stigmatization. A total of 150 male (50%) and 150 female (50%) are targeted in this research. The study used a convenience sampling method to collect the data using self-administered questionnaires Result: The findings showed that a total of 51% of the students had negative attitude towards obesity. There was a significant correlation between attitude towards obesity stigmatization and eating disorder with (r = 0.201) and between attitude and body image with (r = 0.245) Conclusion: A total of 51% of the students had negative attitude towards obesity. More health promotion and awareness on a balance diet and to understand the perspective view towards obesity stigmatization.

HUBUNGAN USIA BALITA DAN SANITASI FISIK RUMAH DENGAN KEJADIAN ISPA DI DESA TUMAPEL KABUPATEN MOJOKERTO TAHUN 2017

ARI is a major killer of toddlers the world, more than AIDS, malaria, and measles combined. In the world, every year estimated more than 2 million toddlers died because of ARI (Unicef/WHO, 2006). This research was an observational study with cross sectional design. The population in this research were children was 50 toddlers. Sampling using cluster random sampling technique. The dependent variable was ARI in toddlers in Tumapel Village, Mojokerto District. The independent variables were toddlers characteristics and the physical sanitary home. The methods used to take primary data were interview with questionnaire, observation, and measurement. While secondary data collection was from the device of Tumapel Village, Dlanggu Public Health Center, and the Health Departemen of Mojokerto. This research used logistic regression with confidence interval 0,05 (α = 5%). The result showed there were 2 variables that had significant correlation with ARI, they were age of toddlers (p=0,013) and the physical sanitary home (p=0,015). The results of temperature and humidity measurement were not correlated, moreover, PM2,5measurement in the respondents’ house exceed the limit sets by the Ministry of Health (Permenkes No. 1077 Tahun 2011). The conclusion of this research was age of the toddlers and the physical sanitary home had correlation with ARI. It was recommended to improve toddlers immunity through giving the balance diet and to improve environmental health with closing house ventilation in the day and afternoon so the concentration of PM2,5in the house can be decreased to lower the risk of ARI.

ANTI-OXIDANT NUTRITION: AN ADJUVANT WITH A BALANCE DIET

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