Interactions of Growth Environmental and Application of GA3 Concentration On Shallot Productivity

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combination of technology using GA3 and agro-climate-based growing environment to increase shallot production in the lowlands. The study was designed with a nested factorial design, where the replicates were nested in an agro-climatic environment. The growing environment used consists of three conditions, namely open nature (e1), screen house (e2), UV plastic (e3). Meanwhile, the GA3 concentration (g) factor used consists of 4 levels, namely 0 ppm (g0), 100 ppm (g1), 200 ppm (g2) and 300 ppm (g3). This research design will be repeated 3 times for each treatment, so that the total experimental plot is 36 experimental units. The characters observed consisted of six characters, namely the number of leaves, absorption, reflection, tuber fresh weight, tuber diameter and tuber production. The results of this study indicate that GA3 treatment and UV application are very influential in increasing the productivity of shallots. The combination of 200 ppm GA3 concentration with the use of UV is the recommended technology in shallot cultivation. The fresh weight character of the tuber is a recommended secondary character in evaluating the potential of shallot cultivation technology. Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No. KM.10, Tamalanrea Indah, Kec. Tamalanrea, Kota Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan 90245.

Replacement of KCl with organic fertilizer on cultivation of porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) under sonokeling stands

KCl fertilization is generally done to increase the productivity of porang tubers, but the continuous use of KCl can degrade soil fertility. Based on this, KCl needs to be replaced with organic fertilizer. This research aimed to determine the effect and replacement of KCl with organic fertilizer which caused the highest porang yield. The research was held in the BKPH Pojok forest area, Grobogan, Central Java in March-July 2020. The research was using one-factor RCBD. This treatment was the replacement of KCl with organic fertilizer with percentage 100:0%, 75:25%, 50:50%, 25:75%, 0:100%, and control in 4 replications. Observation parameters included tuber fresh weight, tuber storage weight, tuber diameter, tuber thickness, and tuber chip weight. The data were processed by using ANOVA 5% and DMRT 5%. The results showed that KCl had a strong influence on the yield of porang which included tuber fresh weight, tuber storage weight, and tuber chip weight, and organic fertilizer was able to replace the role of KCl. The usage of KCl and organic fertilizer was selected based on the yield of the highest tuber diameter and thickness and appeared with the same percentage (50% KCl:50% organic fertilizer).

PERTUMBUHAN DAN DAYA HASIL BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascolanicum L.) DENGAN PEMBERIAN PUPUK KALIUM DAN PUPUK KANDANG AYAM PADA UKURAN BIBIT YANG BERBEDA

Shallot productivity can be increased by taking into account the right fertilizer factor and the potential of the seeds used. The study of potassium and manure dosages and seed size were carried out to get the best treatment in increasing growth and yield. The study was conducted in the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau, from February to April 2019, using a divided plot design. The main plot is the difference in seed size (> 5.0 - 7.5 and 2.5 - 5.0) g, subplots of doses of manure (0, 15, 30) ton.ha-1 and children of subplots (0 , 200, 400) kg.ha-1. The parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, age of harvest, number of tubers per clump, diameter of tuber, tuber fresh weight and tuber dry weight, further tests used BNJ level of 5%. The results showed that the highest dry weight of tubers was obtained in the treatment of large seedlings (> 5.0 - 7.5 g) which were given 30 tons. ha-1 of manure and 400 kg.ha-1 of KCl, with an achievement of 4.1 tons.ha-1.

Strategies for increased yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) control in turfgrass with halosulfuron, sulfentrazone and physical removal

Yellow nutsedge is one of the most widely distributed and troublesome weeds in the world. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to optimize strategies for increased yellow nutsedge control in turfgrass with halosulfuron and sulfentrazone. In the field study in yellow nutsedge and perennial ryegrass mixture, single or sequential applications (three weeks after initial) of halosulfuron or sulfentrazone were made on June 3, June 23, July 15, or August 5 in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016. Percent yellow nutsedge control was rated within the same growing season on Sept 17 and the following year on June 3 for carry-over control. Field and greenhouse studies confirm that sequential applications of halosulfuron with a three-week interval resulted in > 95% control in a yellow nutsedge/turfgrass mixture. In a greenhouse study, both herbicides reduced yellow nutsedge root and rhizome dry mass from 39 to 98%, number of new tubers and tuber fresh weight from 38 to 100% and prevented re-emergence. Sequential applications of either herbicide within a three-week interval early post emergence is recommended for optimal control. Herbicide application to yellow nutsedge using halosulfuron and sulfentrazone should be made as early as possible postemergence, preferably at the three- to five-leaf stage or 200 to 250 growing degree days (GDD, 10 C base). Mowing can be an effective method to reduce yellow nutsedge growth. Mowing at 7.6 cm weekly reduced yellow nutsedge rhizome dry mass by 55% and number of new tubers formed by 63% in the greenhouse study. Physical removal of yellow nutsedge plants such as hand-pulling can be an effective method to manage yellow nutsedge and is most effective at the three- to five-leaf stage (200 to 250 GDD). End-users can maximize yellow nutsedge control by integrating early herbicide treatments and cultural practices such as mowing and hand-pulling.

Genome-Wide Approach to Identify Quantitative Trait Loci for Drought Tolerance in Tetraploid Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Drought represents a major abiotic stress factor negatively affecting growth, yield and tuber quality of potatoes. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses were performed in cultivated potatoes for drought tolerance index DRYM (deviation of relative starch yield from the experimental median), tuber starch content, tuber starch yield, tuber fresh weight, selected transcripts and metabolites under control and drought stress conditions. Eight genomic regions of major interest for drought tolerance were identified, three representing standalone DRYM QTL. Candidate genes, e.g., from signaling pathways for ethylene, abscisic acid and brassinosteroids, and genes encoding cell wall remodeling enzymes were identified within DRYM QTL. Co-localizations of DRYM QTL and QTL for tuber starch content, tuber starch yield and tuber fresh weight with underlying genes of the carbohydrate metabolism were observed. Overlaps of DRYM QTL with metabolite QTL for ribitol or galactinol may indicate trade-offs between starch and compatible solute biosynthesis. Expression QTL confirmed the drought stress relevance of selected transcripts by overlaps with DRYM QTL. Bulked segregant analyses combined with next-generation sequencing (BSAseq) were used to identify mutations in genes under the DRYM QTL on linkage group 3. Future analyses of identified genes for drought tolerance will give a better insight into drought tolerance in potatoes.

Drought adaptive prediction in potato (Solanum tuberosum) using in vitro and in vivo approaches

Laisina JKJ, Maharijaya A, Sobir, Purwito A. 2021. Drought adaptive prediction in potato (Solanum tuberosum) using in vitro and in vivo approaches. Biodiversitas 22: 537-545. Prediction of drought adaptive potatoes requires selection indicators. This study aimed to determine in vitro selection indicators for obtaining drought adaptive potato genotypes in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro study was performed using single-node explants from seven genotypes cultured for six weeks on MS medium added with 0.2 M sorbitol to achieve the research aims. The cultures were partially observed and followed by watering the in vitro tubing medium. For the in vivo study, drought stress was applied for 21 days when the plants reached 25 days after planting (DAP) and for 14 days when the plants reached 50 DAP, then plants were irrigated again until harvesting. The results showed that plant height and root length can be used as selection indicators because they had a relative decrease below 50%, a close relationship and had the same variance with the in vitro number of tubers, in vitro tuber fresh weight and in vivo tuber fresh weight in drought stress at 25 DAP. These characters were determinant characters for the clustering pattern in the heat map cluster analysis. Based on these characters, SSI analysis was also performed and it was found that the PKHT4 was more adaptive than the PKHT6 in vitro, but the two genotypes were classified in the medium adaptive in vivo. In conclusion, plant height and root length were determined as the in vitro selection indicators in predicting drought adaptive genotypes in vivo at the plant age of 25 DAP.

QTL detection in a pedigreed breeding population of diploid potato

Diploid hybrid potato breeding is emerging as an alternative to breeding tetraploid potato clones. The development of diploid breeding varieties involves recent, shallow pedigrees with a limited number of founders. Within this context, alternative QTL detection methodologies should be considered to enable identification of relevant QTLs and characterize the founders of the pedigree. To that end, we are using a dataset of multiple diploid potato $$\hbox {F}_3$$ F 3 families under selection derived by a cross between an inbred Solanum chacoense and an outbred diploid Solanum tuberosum, and identify QTLs for tuber fresh weight. We used three methods for QTL detection: (1) a Genome Wide Association Study model, (2) a linkage approach tailored to the population under study and (3) a more general approach for modelling multiallelic QTLs in complex pedigrees using identity-by-descent (IBD) probabilities. We show that all three approaches enable detection of QTLs in the population under study, but the method that makes better use of IBD information has a more direct and detailed interpretation by linking QTL alleles to the founders.

Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics

An experiment with OTC (Open-top Chamber) was conducted to study the influence of elevated CO2 concentration and high temperature on potato yields and quality, particularly the collaborative influence of these two factors on the accumulation of aboveground biomass (leaves, petiole, and stem), and underground biomass (root and tuber) in potato, and the influence on potato characteristics. The results showed that the accumulation of dry weight of potato stem and aboveground biomass under the combined treatment of elevated CO2 concentration and high temperature (warming) was significantly higher than that of the control group by 35.8%-53.4% and significantly higher than that of the warming treatment group by 24.4%34.4%. In terms of potato stem and aboveground biomass in the combined treatment group, the occurrence time of peak accumulation was postponed, but the accumulation velocity was increased; the interval days of fast biomass accumulation was prolonged than the warming treatment group and the control group. In this combined treatment experiments, the fresh weight accumulation of potato tuber was lower than the warming treatment group by 5% during the middle stage of tuber formation. But the fresh weight accumulation in the combined treatment was higher than the warming treatment group and the control group during the rest stages of tuber formation: the tuber fresh weight in the mature stage was higher than the warming treatment group and control group by 24.1%, and 3.4%, respectively. In terms of tuber fresh weight in the combined treatment group, the occurrence time of peak accumulation was postponed; the interval days of fast accumulation was prolonged compare to the warming treatment, but close to the control group.

Effect of planting pattern and season on some agronomic performances and yield of sweet potato cv. Japanese Orange

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) is one of the most important root crops in the world. It is primarily grown as a second crop during the dry season in Thailand. Several cultivars are produced with some being imported from Japan, especially cv. Japanese Orange, Yellow and Purple which are popular because they have high value and are rich in phytochemicals. Thai farmers use only one planting pattern for production although there are five recommended patterns available. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of different planting patterns on yield, agronomic traits, and determine associations among agronomic traits of sweet potato cv. Japanese Orange. The experiments were conducted during the rainy and dry seasons of 2017. An RCBD with 5 planting patterns and 3 replications were used. Tuber yield, no. of tuber/plant, no. of tuber/ha, no. branch/plant, tuber diameter and tuber fresh weight were measured. The results revealed that during the rainy season, pattern 5 (three vines per hole) had highest tuber yield (11.2 ton/ha), no. of tubers/plant (7.7) and number of tubers/ha (408.9×103) whereas pattern 3 (one vine) had highest no of branches/plant (4.7) and tuber diameter (36.9 mm). In the dry season, patterns 1, 5 and 3 had the highest yields (7.13, 6.71 and 6.48 ton/ha, respectively) pattern 1 had significantly higher tuber fresh weight (84.17 g) than the other four patterns. Pattern 5 had the highest number of tubers/plant and number of tubers/ha during the dry season. We found positive correlations between tuber yield and number of tuber per plant, number of tuber per ha, vine length, vine girth, number of nodes per plant at 60 and 75 DAP.

PENGARUH BERBAGAI JENIS DAN DOSIS PUPUK KANDANG TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN BAWANG MERAH VARIETAS LEMBAH PALU

Research aims to test the effectiveness of various types of manure combined with various doses of application for the growth and result of shallot varieties of Palu Valley. This research was designed using factorial randomized block design. The first factor was manure with three types of treatment, namely chicken manure (P1), got manure (P2), cow manure (P3). The second factor was the dose of manure consisting of three types of treatment, namely 10 t ha­­-1 (3,6 kg plot-1) (D1), 20 t ha­­-1 (7,2 kg plot-1) (D2), 30 t ha­­-1 (10,8 kg plot-1) (D3). The results show that the combination of various types of treatment and doses of chicken manure interacts on plat height parameters aged 35 days after planting. The treatment of chicken manure with a dose of 30 t ha-1 gives better results. The single treatment of chicken manure gave better results for the plant height, weight of leaves, root dry weight, leaf dry weight , number of tubers per clump. Single treatment of manure dosage of 30 t ha-1 gave better results on plant height, leaf area , leaf fres weight, leaf dry weight tuber fresh weight per hectare.