Research on head loss of pre-pump micro-pressure filter under clean water conditions

Filters are important pieces of equipment to ensure the normal operation of micro-irrigation systems, and the head loss is a key indicator to evaluate their hydraulic performances. To reduce the head loss and energy consumption, a new type of filter for treating surface water – the pre-pump micro-pressure filter was proposed. The pre-pump micro-pressure filter was studied, and physical model tests on the flow rate, water separator type, and filter screen area were conducted under clean water conditions. Statistical and dimensional analysis methods were used to analyze the test results. Our results showed that the order of the factors affecting the head loss of the filter was flow rate > water separator type > filter screen area. The various water separator types showed no significant differences in terms of head loss, while the different flow rates showed significant differences. A head loss prediction model was constructed, and the coefficient of determination R2 reached 0.987. Our results can provide technical support for new filter development and enrich the theory of micro-pressure filtration.

Dominant constraints to the effective use of oily-water separator (OWS) in the control of ship-based oil pollution in West African waters

The International Regulations for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from ships (MARPOL 73/78) provided for the deployment of the oily-water separator (OWS) technology for the prevention of ship-based oily-water pollution in the marine ecosystem. Previous studies on the efficiency and effectiveness of the use of the OWS technology shows about 40 % failure rates and ineffective use; while also identifying a multiplicity of correlated factors constraining the effectiveness of the use of the technology onboard. To overcome the constraints posed by the identified factors to the effective use of the OWS technology requires a systems approach, which demands the determination of the dominant and significant factors constraining most, the effective use of the technology and prioritizing the elimination of the significant factors. The study used a survey design approach, employing primary data and the principal component factor analysis to determine the existence of about five principal factors, significantly constraining the effective use of the technology by ship operators in the West African Waters. The policy implications were discussed and recommendations for effective use of the technology proffered.

A RANCANG BANGUN ALAT PERAGA SISTEM OILY WATER SEPARATOR DI KAPAL KM. DOROLONDA

Pada era modern di dunia kemaritiman ini proses pembelajaran terkait permesinan kapal sangat diperlukan dan sangat penting untuk dikuasai peserta didik. Sehingga banyak digunakan metode pembelajaran yang efektif salah satunya adalah metode pembelajaran dengan menggunakan alat peraga permesinan diatas kapal, maka dari itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana cara membuat alat peraga dan untuk mengetahui prinsip kerja dari alat peraga serta untuk mengetahui manfaat yang didapatkan dari alat peraga. Jenis alat peraga sitem oily water separator di atas kapal. Metode yang digunakan yaitu Research and Development, merupakan proses atau langkah-langkah untuk mengembangkan suatu produk yang sudah ada, baik itu perangkat keras maupun perangkat lunak. Model dalam penelitian pengembangan ini adalah model procedural yaitu menggariskan pada langkah-langkah pembuatan yang terpapar secara urut dan bertahap dari proses awal hingga akhir. Kata kunci: Alat peraga, Oily Water Separator, modul elektronika, Timmer Delay Relay

Utilization Waste Brine Water Separator for Binary Electric Energy Conversion in Geothermal Wells

Nowadays, geothermal is one of the most environmentally friendly energy that can replace the role of fossils energy by converting steam to electricity. Brine is one of the by-products of the production of geothermal wells that are generally not used or simply re-injected. In fact, brine can be converted into electricity using the binary cycle process. In binary cycle, brine from separator is used as a heater of working fluid and transform it into a vapor phase. The vapor will be used to turn turbines and generators to produce electricity. The working fluid selection in accordance with the heating fluid temperature becomes important because it results in optimization of the thermodynamic cycle. The temperature of the wellhead in the geothermal field will decrease 3% per year and reducing the heating fluid temperature in heat exchanger. So, in this paper intends to utilizes brine to heat the heat exchanger by using iso-butane, n-pentane, and iso-pentane because its critical temperature can be stable at 193℃ wellhead temperatures. From the results of predictions from brain 2 production well for 17 years with iso-butane in this binary cycle planning, can utilize waste brine water separator to converse electric energy to produce 4 MWh electricity.

Mathematical modeling of the process of functioning of objects and technical means of ensuring airfield control

In the process of performing a complex of works on refueling of civil aviation aircraft, one of the key issues is to ensure flight safety by controlling the quality of aviation fuel directly during refueling operations. Currently, to ensure the purity of the refueled jet fuel, water separators with filter elements of a normalized degree of purification are installed on the aircraft refueling facilities, the operation of which in the working area provides normalized indicators of cleaning jet fuel from water and mechanical impurities. As practice shows, in the process of refueling aircraft, for various objective and subjective reasons, sometimes there are stochastic situations in which quality indicators go beyond the limits established by regulatory documentation and are not deterministic, and the subsequent state of such a system is described by values that characterize an extremely low level of jet fuel purification with negative consequences for flight safety. This paper presents a mathematical description of the functioning of water separator filters in the working area, where standardized indicators of the quality of aviation fuel are provided during the refueling of aircraft. The article deals with the issue of blocking the refueling of aircraft in the event of the appearance of non-normalized technical documentation indicators of the quality of aviation fuel, which arise due to a number of different factors that lead to negative cause-and-effect relationships for flight safety. Based on the mathematical description, an approach to creating a system for protecting and blocking the refueling process under the working name "Barrier" is proposed. Of the greatest interest for the study are typical water separator filters installed on refueling vehicles as terminal technical devices for fuel purification during refueling of aircraft.

Failure Analysis of a Cracked Stainless-Steel Steam-Water Separator

Currently, austenitic stainless steel has been widely used for the pressure boundary, including reactors, separators and storage tanks serviced in energy, petrochemical, chemical and food industries in view of its inherent corrosion resistance. However, the corrosion resistance may deteriorate under some circumstances such as field welding and inappropriate post-weld heat treatment. A steam-water separator serviced in a power plant was found cracking and a large amount of steam leaked outside. The cracking was located in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the joint on the head side of the pressure vessel. The material of the head was SUS 304 austenite stainless steel. Failure analysis was conducted to investigate the cause of cracking. The testing and measurement included chemical composition analysis, metallographic examination, fracture surface observation and deposit elements analysis. Results showed that the cracking was intergranular and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) was the primary cause of failure. During the fabrication of the separator, the HAZ of the joint was overheated by the thermal input of welding. Brittle carbides such as M23C6 precipitating at the grain boundary, resulted in a narrow belt lack of chromium nearby known as sensitization. The corrosion resistance of the austenite stainless-steel decreased obviously there, and cracking failure occurred rapidly under tensile stress. The influencing factors discussed in this paper mainly focused on material performance, post-weld heat treatment, and corrosivity of medium. Austenitic stainless steel containing stabilizing elements or with low C content was recommended for the new vessel design in order to avoid similar cracking failure.

Al-hawājizu bayna Al-bahrayni fi Al- Qur’āni ‘inda Zaghlul An-Najjaar (الحواجز بين البحرين في القرآن عند زغلول النجار)

The sea is one form of the Earth's surface that its components are made of liquid. Before the 20th century human beings simply know that all liquid when at the combine, it will become one, because the liquid has the nature of blending, but lately in the 20th century something strange was discovered, which was not mixed with seawater, one example of which was in the Straits of Giblatar. which at that time the human record was far from science, but in the Qur'an there was little explanation of the matter. Departing from the background above, the writer therefore tries to uncover and examine about a barrier that is in the quran. The author uses a literature study that uses the Zaghlul Annajar book as a primary source and books written by other people as secondary sources. The author also uses a science approach to be able to uncover verses related to science. The results achieved by the research using the method discussed then the water barrier contained in the quran is a front of water or it can be called the "mixed water" separator between two adjacent waters. This is also due to the presence of different water characteristics, in terms of water mass, temperature, and also the level of salinity of sea waterKeyword: Sea; barrier; Zagloul An-Najjar; Al-Qur’an AbstrakLaut merupakan salah satu bentuk dari permukaan bumi yang komponennya terbuat dari zat cair. Sebelum abad 20 manusia hanya mengetahui bahwasanya segala zat cair apabila di campurkan maka akan menjadi satu, karena zat cair memiliki sifat membaur, akan tetapi akhir-akhir ini pada abad ke 20 di temukan sesuatu hal yang aneh yaitu tidak bercampurnya air laut, salah satu contohnya di selat Giblatar.yang pada saat itu notabenya manusia masih jauh dari sains, akan tetapi didalam al-qur’an tertulis sedikit penjelasan tentang hal teresebut. Berangkat dari latar belakang di atas, maka dari itu penulis berusaha untuk mengungkap dan meneliti tentang suatu pembatas yang ada didalam al-qur’an. Penulis menggunakan studi lliteratur yaitu menggunakan buku Zaghlul Annajar sebagai sumber primer dan buku-buku karangan orang lain sebagai sumber sekunder. Penulis juga menggunakan pendekatan sains untuk bisa mengungkap ayat al-qur’an yang berhubungan dengan sains. Hasil yang dicapai oleh penelitian dengan menggunakan metode yang telah dibahas maka pembatas air yang tertera di dalam al-qur’an merupakan front air atau bisa juga disebut dengan “ air berbaur “ pemisah antara dua air yang saling berdampingan. Ini juga disebabkan karena adanya karakteristi air yang berbeda, dari segi massa air, suhu, dan juga tingkat keasinan air lautKata Kunci: Laut; Pembatas; Zaghlul Annajar; Alquran المخلصالبحر هي إحدى من أشكال سطح الأرض التي تتكون مكوناتها من السائل. قبل القرن العشرين، كان البشر يعرفون أنّ جميع السوائل عند خلطها ستصبح واحدة، لأن السوائل لها خصائص منتشرة، ولكن في القرن العشرين تم اكتشاف شيء عجيب لم يتم خلطه بمياه البحر، مثال في مضيق جبل طارق، وفي ذلك الوقت كان البشر بعيدون عن العلم الكونية، ولكن قد بين هذا الحال. ومن خلفية البحث أعلاه ، يحاول الكاتب بالتالي الكشف عن حاجز في القرآن وفحصه. يستخدم المؤلف دراسة مكتبية تستخدم كتاب زغلول النجار كمصدر رئيسي والكتب والمؤلفات والمجلات كمصادر ثانوية. تستخدم الباحثة أيضا منهجا علميا ليتمكن من كشف الآيات المتعلقة بالعلوم الكونية. النتائج التي توصل إليها البحث باستخدام الطريقة التي تمت مناقشتها وحاجز الماء الموجود في القرآن هو واجهة من الماء أو يمكن أن يسمى فاصل "المياه المختلطة" بين المياه المجاورة. ويرجع ذلك أيضًا إلى وجود خصائص مائية مختلفة، من حيث كتلة الماء ودرجة الحرارة ، وكذلك مستوى ملوحة مياه البحر.الكلمات الرئيسيه: البحر، الحاجز، زغلول النجار، القرآن

Control of oil spills in urban areas

The City of Toronto has experienced about 300 oil spills per year (Li 1997). Traditionally, the city recommends that businesses and industries practise pollution prevention and install on-site oil separators. Currently, the sizing criteria for these devices are not well defined and the draft code of practices for oil separators by the Canadian Petroleum Product Institute (1994) has not yet been approved by the Ministry of the Environment (Li 2000). Thus, the city is currently investigating the possibility of installing oil separators at spill prone sewer outfalls. The new application of oil separators at sewer outfalls requires that the devices be operable under high flow conditions and that their capacity should reflect the land use characteristics in the associated sewershed. This study has developed an innovative spill control device for the Humber Creek outfall and a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based analysis technique for urban oil spill management. First, a flow diversion structure was designed to capture the dry weather flow at the outfan and to transport the captured flow into an oil/water separator designed in accordance to the American Petroleum Institute's manual (1990). The designs of the flow diversion structure and the oil/water separator were evaluated by a physical model study using the National Water Research Institute's Hydraulics Laboratory at the Canada Centre for Inland Waters in Burlington, Ontario. Then, the GIS-based analysis technique was used to identify potential treatment options for spill-prone sewer outfall in the Town of Richmond Hill. It was found that (I) the spill event characteristics should be analyzed in order to develop design criteria for oil spill control systems; (2) the preliminary design of the oil spill control system at Humber Creek was different from the API's methodology; and (3) the physical model investigation confirmed the conveyance capacity of the diversion channel and the general behaviour of the tilted-plate separator. A database of oil spill records in the Greater Toronto Area from 1988 to 2000 were compiled and geo-referenced. By overlaying the spill characteristics and other GIS data layers, such as woodlots, wetlands and watercourses, spill prone areas were identified. In order to increase the accuracy of the analysis, the percentage of georeference oil spill locations should be increased.

Control of oil spills in urban areas

The City of Toronto has experienced about 300 oil spills per year (Li 1997). Traditionally, the city recommends that businesses and industries practise pollution prevention and install on-site oil separators. Currently, the sizing criteria for these devices are not well defined and the draft code of practices for oil separators by the Canadian Petroleum Product Institute (1994) has not yet been approved by the Ministry of the Environment (Li 2000). Thus, the city is currently investigating the possibility of installing oil separators at spill prone sewer outfalls. The new application of oil separators at sewer outfalls requires that the devices be operable under high flow conditions and that their capacity should reflect the land use characteristics in the associated sewershed. This study has developed an innovative spill control device for the Humber Creek outfall and a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based analysis technique for urban oil spill management. First, a flow diversion structure was designed to capture the dry weather flow at the outfan and to transport the captured flow into an oil/water separator designed in accordance to the American Petroleum Institute's manual (1990). The designs of the flow diversion structure and the oil/water separator were evaluated by a physical model study using the National Water Research Institute's Hydraulics Laboratory at the Canada Centre for Inland Waters in Burlington, Ontario. Then, the GIS-based analysis technique was used to identify potential treatment options for spill-prone sewer outfall in the Town of Richmond Hill. It was found that (I) the spill event characteristics should be analyzed in order to develop design criteria for oil spill control systems; (2) the preliminary design of the oil spill control system at Humber Creek was different from the API's methodology; and (3) the physical model investigation confirmed the conveyance capacity of the diversion channel and the general behaviour of the tilted-plate separator. A database of oil spill records in the Greater Toronto Area from 1988 to 2000 were compiled and geo-referenced. By overlaying the spill characteristics and other GIS data layers, such as woodlots, wetlands and watercourses, spill prone areas were identified. In order to increase the accuracy of the analysis, the percentage of georeference oil spill locations should be increased.