Optimized Utilization of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Cold Energy

There is possibility of the effective utilization of the cold energy in the process of LNG vaporization. The purpose of this paper is to propose a cascade utilization scheme to recycle LNG cold energy on the basis of comprehensively considering of thermophysical and actual factors. The optimized utilization scheme includes three cascade grades: separating the air with the deep-cool cold, the cold storage as the second grade, generating power as the last one. This scheme not only pays attention to the thermophysical rationality, but also considers of the fittingness between two cascade grades. This scheme overall considers the theoretic rationality and the actual feasibility. But basing on the principle of adaptation to local conditions, we should comprehensively consider all factors and the process ought to match the circumambient industry. This paper provides crucial references for optimized utilization of LNG cold energy.

Waste Disposal in the Sea off Southern California

Southern California, with a coastal population of 12 million people, releases about 4.4 million cubic meters of treated waste water into the Pacific every day via outfalls that discharge three to six kilometers offshore at a depth of 60 meters. Diffusers cause each liter of waste to be diluted by 150 liters of deep cool water preventing it from reaching the surface except for short periods in winter. Data on the constituents of the four largest waste streams are presented and a brief account of the research done by the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project is given. Although the waste water now discharged meets rigorous state standards (with minor exceptions) and the steady improvement in sea conditions over a decade has been well documented, there is a continuing debate over whether our coastal waters are adequately protected. This is primarily because the damaging effects of DDT and PCBs that were discharged more than 14 years ago have been slow to go away. Although the amounts of DDT and PCB in sea animals are only one- tenth what they were a decade ago they tend to obscure the value of the improvements and the present discharge practices. The alternatives to sea disposal seem likely to cause greater damage to the overall environment.

The distribution of Chironomus (s.s.)? cucini (salinarius group) larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Parry Sound, Georgian Bay, with particular reference to structural deformities

The results of a study of the macroscopic zoobenthos in Parry Sound, Georgian Bay, Ontario, suggest that the larvae of Chironomus (s.s.)? cucini (salinarius group), which are present only in the deep cool regions below the summer thermocline, are most abundant when their environment has been 'altered' as a result of the activities of man. Furthermore, when these 'alterations' reach a too intense level larvae in this and other chironomid taxa may exhibit morphological deformities.

Effects of Temperature on Movements of Prespawning Brook Sticklebacks, Culaea inconstans, in the Roseau River, Manitoba

During spring, brook sticklebacks (Culaea inconstans (Kirtland)) in the Roseau River, Man., moved upstream from deep, cool, overwintering areas to shallow warmer waters in meltwater ponds and ditches, where they reproduced. Movement upstream occurred during daylight, in water velocities less than 90 cm/sec, when a temperature gradient was present, but ceased at night or when water temperatures exceeded 19–20 C. In a horizontal laboratory gradient, prespawning sticklebacks from the field selected a range of temperatures from 14.9 to 20.2 C, considerably narrower than after spawning. More prespawning sticklebacks moved upstream in an artificial stream tank at water temperatures of 15.6 and 21.1 C than at 7.2, 10.0, or 23.9 C, and more moved upstream in light than in darkness.