Silica Sinter and the Evolution of Hot Springs in the Alvord/Pueblo Valleys, Southeast Oregon, USA

Hot springs in the Alvord/Pueblo valleys in southeastern Oregon are analogous to Basin-and-Range hydrothermal systems where heat source and permeable pathways are met through crustal thinning. Silica sinter deposition at Mickey Springs, Alvord Valley, predates the late Pleistocene high stand of pluvial Lake Alvord. At Borax Lake, Pueblo Valley, sinter deposition occurred during the Holocene. This study examines the evolution of springs at Mickey Springs, where three morphologies of sinter are present: (1) basalt clasts surrounded by sinter in interbedded conglomerate and sandstone, (2) pool-edge and aprons of sinter surrounding depressions (12–32 m diameter), and (3) quaquaversal sinter mounds with pool-edge sinter. The oldest sinter occurs in silica-cemented conglomerate and sandstone, where deposition occurred prior to 30 kya. Deposition around broad depressions and mounds occurred after 30 kya but before water levels began to rise in pluvial Lake Alvord. Thermoluminescence dates suggest sinter deposition ceased before 18 kya when silt and clay filled inactive vents and buried aprons. A few mounds hosted active springs after sinter deposition ceased but while submerged in pluvial Lake Alvord. Now, high-temperature springs, steam vents, and mud pots are concentrated in a 50 × 50 m area near the southern edge of the spring area.

Assessment of communities’ water springs in Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

Water is a vital component for living, but its distribution is uneven and becomes hard to obtain in some places. Generally, people use water sources from PDAM, rivers, wells, and springs. Springs are often used as a source of water which are used by the community. Unfortunately, the spring and its surrounding area are often disturbed, and their function is changed. Even though several activities have shifted the land cover around the spring area, it affects the spring's water quality. The study aims to find out the condition of the springs which are used by the people at Gowa Regency. The data was collected through a survey, and the spring sampling was carried out purposefully. Furthermore, the data were analyzed descriptively. The study showed that springs are still an important source of water for rural communities. The results showed that the water quality of springs was feasible for household and other purposes. We found that the community seemingly has low awareness of preserving the spring. The area around the spring has been disturbed by community activities that are prone to polluting the springs.

Analysis of biodiversity in the Pamotan Mudal spring area, Rembang Regency

The community’s need for clean water is increasing along with the increase in population. In fulfilling clean water, most will use surface water and underground water. Mudal spring is one of the springs located in Pamotan District, Rembang Regency, and has 80 liters/second discharge. The community uses the uses of springs to meet their needs, such as drinking water and irrigation. This study aims to determine the diversity of fauna and flora of the Mudal spring area and identify the use and conservation efforts of the springs by the community in Pamotan District, Rembang Regency. This research uses descriptive quantitative research. Data were analyzed using the Shannon-Wienner Diversity Index formula. There are ten types of fauna in the Mudal spring area with a diversity index H’=1.82 which is included in the medium category. As for flora, 17 species were found with a diversity index H’=1.83 which was included in the medium category. The conservation and utilization efforts carried out by the surrounding community for the Mudal spring are reasonable enough so that it is necessary to improve the concept of sustainable and environmentally sound management so that it remains by following with its function.

New localities of Adiantum capillus-veneris and Moehringia villosa in the southern Julian Alps / Nova nahajališča vrst Adiantum capillus-veneris in Moehringia villosa v južnih Julijskih Alpah

The article describes new localities of two rare species of conservationimportance of Slovenian flora in the southern Julian Alps (the Tolmin-Bohinj and Krn Mts.). The stands of the Mediterranean species Adiantum capillus-venerisin Kneška Grapa gorge under Mt. Masovnik (Kneške Ravne) at elevations 570–600 m are assigned to the new variant Eucladio-Adiantetum hymenostylietosum recurvirostrivar. Astrantia carniolica. Moehringia villosa,an endemic species of European conservation importance, has its northwesternmost locality in its entire distribution range at Curk waterfall in the spring area of the Kozjak under Mt. Krnčica, where it occurs in the stands of the variant Campanulo carnicae-Moehringietum villosaevar. Paederota lutea. Key words: flora, vegetation, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Moehringia villosa, Natura 2000, Triglav National park, Slovenia Izvleček Opisujemo nova nahajališča dveh redkih in varstveno pomembnih vrst slovenske flore v južnih Julijskih Alpah (Tolminsko-Bohinjsko in Krnsko pogorje). Sestoje mediteranske vrste Adiantum capillus-venerisv Kneški grapi pod Masovnikom (Kneške Ravne) na nadmorski višini približno 570–600 m uvrščamo v novo varianto Eucladio-Adiantetum hymenostylietosum recurvirostrivar. Astrantia carniolica. Endemit in evropsko varstveno pomembna vrsta Moehringia villosaima pri slapu Curk v povirju Kozjaka pod Krnčico, kjer uspeva v sestojih variante Campanulo carnicae-Moehringietum villosaevar. Paederota luteado zdaj najbolj severozahodno nahajališče v celotnem območju razširjenosti. Ključne besede: flora, vegetacija, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Moehringia villosa, Natura 2000, Triglavski narodni park, Slovenija

Groundwater aquifer detection using the electrical resistivity method at Ito Campus, Kyushu University (Fukuoka, Japan)

An electrical resistivity survey was carried out using the pole–pole configuration around the Sayanokami spring area in the northern part of Ito Campus (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) to study the groundwater aquifer and its electrical characteristics. A Code Division Multiple Transmission (CDMT) system was used. The CDMT system transmits 24 currents simultaneously and measures 24 potential responses with monitoring of actual current waveforms. The system can inject current from multiple electrodes into the underground environment simultaneously using different individual current waveforms. The two-dimensional (2-D) inversion results of the electrical resistivity data indicate three layers from top to bottom, as follows: (a) a thin layer with a thickness of 3 m and a low resistivity (< 50 Ω m) representing topsoil; (b) a groundwater aquifer layer with an average resistivity between 50 and 170 Ω m and with a thickness ranging from 7 to 10 m, and (c) a highly resistive bedrock layer with resistivities higher than 200 Ω m and occupying depths from 15 m to the base of the model.

Subsurface Resistivity Imaging of Nasudake (Chausudake) Volcano Determined from Time Domain Electromagnetic Survey (TDEM)

A time domain electromagnetic survey (TDEM method) was conducted to investigate the resistivity structure of the crater, fumarole, and hot spring area of the Nasudake (Chausudake) volcano. The findings of this survey are as follows: (1) Under the crater area, a thin low-resistivity layer (approximately 50 m) was found on the surface, and lens-shaped high-resistivity areas continued to a depth of 800 m below it. The lens-shaped high-resistivity areas are believed to correspond to a thermal volcanic gas region. (2) From the east-west direction survey line crossing the foot of the Nasudake, two or three horizontal resistivity layer structures, which are considered to be caused by the geological structure and surface water, were observed.