Evolving Cardiac Electrical Therapies for Advanced Heart Failure Patients

Symptomatic heart failure (HF) patients despite optimal medical therapy and advances such as invasive hemodynamic monitoring remain challenging to manage. While cardiac resynchronization therapy remains a highly effective therapy for a subset of HF patients with wide QRS, a majority of symptomatic HF patients are poor candidates for such. Recently, cardiac contractility modulation, neuromodulation based on carotid baroreceptor stimulation, and phrenic nerve stimulation have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and are emerging as therapeutic options for symptomatic HF patients. This state-of-the-art review examines the role of these evolving electrical therapies in advanced HF.

Autonomic cardiovascular alterations as therapeutic targets in chronic kidney disease

Purpose The present paper will review the impact of different therapeutic interventions on the autonomic dysfunction characterizing chronic renal failure. Methods We reviewed the results of the studies carried out in the last few years examining the effects of standard pharmacologic treatment, hemodialysis, kidney transplantation, renal nerve ablation and carotid baroreceptor stimulation on parasympathetic and sympathetic control of the cardiovascular system in patients with renal failure. Results Drugs acting on the renin–angiotensin system as well as central sympatholytic agents have been documented to improve autonomic cardiovascular control. This has also been shown for hemodialysis, although with more heterogeneous results related to the type of dialytic procedure adopted. Kidney transplantation, in contrast, particularly when performed together with the surgical removal of the native diseased kidneys, has been shown to cause profound sympathoinhibitory effects. Finally, a small amount of promising data are available on the potential favorable autonomic effects (particularly the sympathetic ones) of renal nerve ablation and carotid baroreceptor stimulation in chronic kidney disease. Conclusions Further studies are needed to clarify several aspects of the autonomic responses to therapeutic interventions in chronic renal disease. These include (1) the potential to normalize sympathetic activity in uremic patients by the various therapeutic approaches and (2) the definition of the degree of sympathetic deactivation to be achieved during treatment.

2018 ESC/ESH guidelines about new methods of treatment of hypertension — “DEVICE-BASED TREATMENT”

Arterial hypertension (HTN) needs new treatment methods, including invasive ones, because HTN has severe consequences and involves all regulating systems (neuro-cardio-renal/cerebral continuum). It is often associated with comorbid pathology (obesity, atherosclerosis, sleep disorder, diabetes mellitus, etc.). The paper presents a summary of the position of the European experts on some invasive methods of HTN treatment — “DEVICE-BASED TREATMENT” (DBT) in the section of new recommendations of the European Societies of Cardiology/Hypertension (2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension), including carotid baroreceptor stimulation, renal denervation, arteriovenous fistula formation and other. The experts do not recommend to use DBT in routine practice, confirm high requirement and demand of clinical and basic investigations to prove their safety and efficiency.