Influence of geometric imperfection of journal on the performance of porous hybrid journal bearing under turbulent condition

The present work deals with numerical investigation into geometric imperfection (bellmouth, undulation and barrel shape) of the journal on performance of a porous hybrid journal bearing system (PHJBs) operating under turbulent flow condition. The Reynolds equation governing the flow of lubricant in the bearing clearance space is modified by using the turbulent lubrication theory proposed by Constantinescu’s. The bearing performance parameters are numerically computed using FEM. The effects of geometric irregularities, turbulent flow condition, and permeability parameters have been investigated on the performance of PHJBs. The theoretically obtained results indicates that the combined effect of turbulent flow condition and geometric imperfection offers enhanced values of [Formula: see text] and rotor dynamic coefficients (stiffness and damping coefficients).

Impact of Pointing Error on the BER Performance of an OFDM Optical Wireless Communication Link over Turbulent Condition

An analytical approach is developed in this paper to evaluate the bit error rate (BER) performance of an optical wireless (OW) communication system with multiplexing of the RF orthogonal frequency division (OFDM) over turbulent condition taking into account the effect of pointing error. The received signal is detected through direct detection receiver followed by RF synchronous demodulation including the effect of OW channel and different form of noises such as receiver thermal noise, background channel noise and photo detector shot noise. Analysis is developed for an OFDM system over the OW channel, taking into account the effect of pointing error between the transmitter and the receiver in turbulent condition and the analysis reveals that the OFDM OW system is less affected by pointing error with deference to the major power penalty at BER performance. For instance, power penalty at BER 10−9 is found to be 3 dB for 256 OFDM subcarriers with 9 millidegree displacement angle at a data rate of 10 Gbps under turbulent condition. It is found that the system is more influenced by the atmospheric turbulence at a higher data rate.

Performance Analysis of a STBC FDM FSO Communication System with Direct Detection Receiver under Turbulent Condition

Weather conditions are severely degraded the performance of FSO communication link. Atmospheric turbulence is one of the important weather conditions that degrade the performance even under clear sky condition. In this paper, we provide a noble analytical approach to evaluate the performance of STBC coded FDM FSO communication system with direct detection optical receiver under turbulent condition. Analysis is carried out to find the channel capacity of RF subcarrier modulation taking into consideration the effect of strong atmospheric turbulence which is modeled as gamma-gamma distribution and the probability density function of the conditional CNR, conditioned on a given turbulence-induced fading is derived considering equal gain receive diversity combining technique with direct detection optical receiver followed by RF synchronous demodulation. Results are evaluated numerically in terms of average CNR, BER and channel capacity for several system parameters like turbulence variance, link distance, data rate, etc.

Influence of Viscosity on the Shape of an Air Taylor Bubble in a Stagnant Liquid Under Turbulent Condition in Falling Film

This work aims to find the influence of the liquid viscosity on the shape of an air Taylor bubble, rising up in a pipe column which contains the liquid under conditions that the liquid is stagnant and the Froude number is approximately equal to 0.35. Five liquid viscosities (from 0.001 to 0.01 Pa · s) were selected for being computationally investigated. An appropriate shape of a Taylor bubble, corresponding to each selected viscosity, was obtained by considering a pressure distribution of the air inside the bubble. Simulation results showed that the Taylor bubble shape would be thicker if the liquid viscosity was decreased. This could be explained by using the theory of the log-law velocity profile.

Design Optimization of a Bi-Fold Magnetorheological Damper Subject to Impact Loads

Dynamic range (ratio of the maximum on-state damping force to the off-state damping force), is an important index characteristic of the performance of the Magnetorheological Energy Absorbers (MREAs). In high speed impact, the dynamic range may fall into the uncontrollable zone (≤ 1) due to the increase in the off-state damping force which is associated with the transition of the flow from laminar to turbulent condition. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to design optimize the MREA in order to increase its dynamic range while accommodating the geometry, MR fluid flow and magnetic field constraints. In this study, a design optimization problem has been formulated to optimally design a bi-fold MREA to comply with the helicopter crashworthiness specifications for lightweight civilian helicopters. It is required to have a minimum dynamic range of 2 at 5 m/s impact velocity while satisfying the constraints imposed due to the geometry, volume of the device, magnetic field and the flow of the magnetorheological fluid in the MR valve. Meanwhile in order to comply with the helicopter crashworthiness requirement, the MREA device should be designed to generate 15 kN field-off damping force at the design impact velocity if the MREA is to be integrated with skid landing gear systems. The magneto-static analysis of the MREA valve has been conducted analytically using simplified assumptions in order to obtain the relation between induced magnetic flux in the MR fluid gaps in active regions versus the applied current and MREA valve geometrical parameters. Both Bingham plastic models, with and without minor loss factors, have been utilized to derive the dynamic range and the results are compared in terms of the generated off-state damping force, on-state damping force, and dynamic range. The Bingham plastic model with minor loss coefficients was found to be more accurate due to the turbulent condition in the MREA caused by the impact. Finally, the performance of the optimized bi-fold MREA has been evaluated under different impact speeds.