Classical equations of an electron from the special form of the Dirac equation

The equivalent system of equations corresponding to the Dirac equation is derived and the WKB approximation of this system is found. Similarly, the WKB approximation for the equivalent system of equation corresponding to the squared Dirac equation is found and it is proved that the Lorentz equation and the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi iquations follow from the new Dirac-Pardy system. The new tensor equation with sigma matrix is derived for the verification by adequate laboratories.

Remote targeted electrical stimulation

The ability to generate electric fields in deep tissues remotely, without surgically implanting electrodes, could transform diagnoses and treatments of nervous system disorders. Here, we show that focal electrostimulation effects can be elicited remotely by combining two noninvasive forms of energies---magnetic and focused ultrasonic fields. The approach, based in the Lorentz equation and referred to as Lstim, electrically stimulates specified tissue targets with the precision of deep brain or spinal cord stimulation, but does not require electrode implantation. Lstim potentiated the responses of human nerves, enhancing the neuromodulatory effects of ultrasound by 74% on average. The effects showed a double dissociation---a significant and substantial increase in nociceptive responses, yet a significant reduction in tactile responses. In line with the Lorentz equation, Lstim was only observed when nerves were oriented perpendicularly to the magnetic and ultrasonic fields. A sham condition showed no effects. Both the ultrasonic and the induced electric fields were well below the respective safety indices, and no detrimental effects were detected. Lstim uniquely integrates noninvasiveness, sharp focus, and the efficacy of electrical stimulation. The approach has the potential to provide a noninvasive tool to dissect brain function in humans and to diagnose the neural circuits involved in nervous system disorders. Moreover, this effect should be taken into account when ultrasound is applied inside MRI.

Positive and negative likelihood ratios of two anthropometric indices (Waist/Height Index and Waist/Hip Index) in the diagnosis of pathological nutritional situations overweight and obesity

Background and objective. Koch et al., reported that the Waist/Hip Index more accurately predicts cardiovascular risk factors and mortality. Huaman et al., reported that the Waist/Height Index can be used as a diagnostic test for metabolic syndrome, since it has a high significant value. To determine whether two anthropometric indices have sufficient prognostic efficiency or moderate prognostic efficiency by combining sensitivity and specificity using positive and negative likelihood ratios in a single expression. Material and methods. Quantitative epistemological approach. Descriptive observational epidemiological study without directionality and with prospective temporality. Three husband adult patients of both genders who attended the Integral Hospital "Jose Maria Morelos" were studied. As a reference test or Gold Standard was used the Lorentz Equation as a reference test. Results. The results for the positive likelihood ratios corresponded to 13.41 and 1.72 for the anthropometric indices Waist/Height Index and Waist/Hip Index, respectively. The results for the negative likelihood ratios corresponded, respectively, to 0.07 and 0.48 for the anthropometric indices Waist/Height Index and Waist/Hip Index. Conclusions. The best anthropometric index for the diagnosis of overweight and obesity pathological nutritional situations corresponds to the Waist/Height Index, since the results of the positive and negative likelihood ratios report sufficient prognostic efficiencies. On the other hand, the results of the positive and negative likelihood ratios report, respectively, negligible prognostic efficiency and poor prognostic efficiency for the Waist/Hip Index.

Hybrid simulation of NBI fast-ion losses due to the Alfvén eigenmode bursts in the Large Helical Device and the comparison with the fast-ion loss detector measurements

The multiphase simulations are conducted with the kinetic-magnetohydrodynamics hybrid code MEGA to investigate the spatial and the velocity distributions of lost fast ions due to the Alfvén eigenmode (AE) bursts in the Large Helical Device plasmas. It is found that fast ions are lost along the divertor region with helical symmetry both before and during the AE burst except for the promptly lost particles. On the other hand, several peaks are present in the spatial distribution of lost fast ions along the divertor region. These peaks along the divertor region can be attributed to the deviation of the fast-ion orbits from the magnetic surfaces due to the grad-B and the curvature drifts. For comparison with the velocity distribution of lost fast ions measured by the fast-ion loss detector (FILD), the ‘numerical FILD’ which solves the Newton–Lorentz equation is constructed in the MEGA code. The velocity distribution of lost fast ions detected by the numerical FILD during AE burst is in good qualitative agreement with the experimental FILD measurements. During the AE burst, fast ions with high energy (100–180 keV) are detected by the numerical FILD, while co-going fast ions lost to the divertor region are the particles with energy lower than 50 keV.

A Introduction to the Classical Spiral Electrodynamics: The” Spiral-Spin”

This paper demonstrates the existence of analytical solutions of the Lorentz equation for charged particles in “uniform pilot time-varying magnetic fields". These analytical solutions represent a temporal generalization of the Larmor's orbits and are expressed through a Schwarz-Christoffel spiral mapping or in spiral coordinates. The concepts of "spiral-spin” moment and "polar-spiral" angular momentum are then presented, the existence of a subclass of solutions for which these two angular moments are conserved is demonstrated. It is also shown that under the action of the "pilot fields," there exist particular trajectories for which the charged particles have a "spiral-spin" momentum constant proportional to +1/2 (solution named "spiral-spin-up ") and -1/2 (solution named "spiral-spin-down "), respectively. The results are in full agreement with the ideas of L.DeBroglie and A. Einstein on the possible existence of pilot fields able to describe the physical reality deterministically. Finally, the solution of the Lorentz equation is discussed with the WKB (Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin) method for a superposition of two uniform magnetic fields with the same direction, the first constant and the second time-varying.

Computations of Magnetic Forces in Multipole Field Electromagnetic Launcher

Multipole Field Electromagnetic Launchers (MFEML) is one of the radial electromagnetic launching mechanisms, which can propel a payload for long distances. This paper proposes formulae for inductance based on the magnetic flux distribution in the coils of MFEML. Flux lines flow is sectionalized, for each section reluctance formulae is derived based on the position of the projectile. Based on the principles of the Lorentz equation, magnetic forces are calculated. This paper presents an electrical and magnetic equivalent circuit of MFEML. The velocity and force characteristics are obtained for the proposed formulae. The results are validated using Finite element analysis.