The phylogenetic affinities and morphological peculiarities of the bird-like dinosaur Borogovia gracilicrus from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia

Borogovia gracilicrus is a small-bodied theropod dinosaur from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) Nemegt Formation of southern Mongolia. The taxon is based on a single fragmentary specimen preserving only the distal part of the hindlimbs. The morphology of Borogovia shows a peculiar combination of features, some of which are traditionally considered troodontid synapomorphies and others which are unusual for Troodontidae but are shared with other maniraptoran clades. In particular, the second toe of B. gracilicrus differs from other troodontids in lacking some of the features which contribute to the specialized ‘sickle-clawed’ second toe, here termed the ‘falciphoran condition’, shared with dromaeosaurids and some other paravians, such as the strongly compressed and falciform ungual. Phylogeny reconstructions intended to explore the affinities of Borogovia consistently support its referral within a subclade of troodontids including all Late Cretaceous taxa. The placement of Borogovia is not significantly affected by its unusual combinations of hindlimb features or by the homoplasy of the elements forming the falciphoran condition. Borogovia is supported as a valid taxon and is distinct from the other Nemegt troodontids, Tochisaurus and Zanabazar. The lack of a falciform ungual, and the distinctive morphology of the second toe in B. gracilicrus are interpreted as a derived specialization among Troodontidae and not as retention of the plesiomorphic condition of non-paravian theropods.

Review on the pharmacological and health aspects of Hylocereus or Pitaya: An update

The need for fresh fruit and vegetables in the community is increasing, this is due to research which states that the consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables can reduce the likelihood of disease. Hylocereus spp or dragon fruit is a medicine plant belonging to the Cactaceae family. The distinctive morphology found in dragon fruit is the shape of the skin which corresponds to the oval body shape. Dragon fruit can grow well in dry areas. Phytochemicals in dragon fruit or pitaya include carbohydrates, protein, saponin phenolic compounds, terpenoids, oils, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, coumarin, and steroids. Meanwhile, nutritional analysis shows that the fruit contains complete nutrition, including vitamins, fat, crude fiber, and minerals. Based on previous research, dragon fruit has been proven to be used as an alternative ingredient for antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antoxidant, antulcer, antipertility, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, hypopolidemic, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-platelet Keywords: Hyolocereus, medicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology.

Plexiform fibromyxoma: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of two cases with a literature review

Objective This article aimed to study the clinicopathological features, immunophenotypes, and differential diagnoses of plexiform fibromyxoma (PF). Methods We searched clinical and pathology databases of our hospital for patients with histologically confirmed PF from 2007 to 2020 and reviewed the relevant English and Chinese language literature. Results Two cases of PF were identified, a 67-year-old woman and a 23-year-old man. Both patients presented with melena and anemia and underwent partial gastrectomy. Histologically, the tumors exhibited a plexiform growth pattern in the gastric submucosa and the presence of bland-looking spindle cells in the fibromyxoid stroma with the formation of small blood vessels. Immunohistochemically, the two cases were strongly positive for vimentin, smooth muscle actin, and muscle-specific actin and negative for CD117, discovered on gastrointestinal stromal tumors protein 1, CD34, CD10, S100, desmin, H-caldesmon, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, β-catenin, and cytokeratin. Conclusions PF is a rare mesenchymal tumor of the stomach that can be distinguished from other gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors based on its distinctive morphology and immunophenotype.

Description of the tadpole of Cruziohyla calcarifer (Boulenger, 1902) (Amphibia, Anura, Phyllomedusidae)

Specimens belonging to the genus Cruziohyla from Panama, Costa Rica and Honduras, collected by the scientific community as Cruziohyla calcarifer are now known to represent a different species, Cruziohyla sylviae. Similarly, the tadpole previously described for C. calcarifer also now represents that of C. sylviae. Here we describe the tadpole of the true C. calcarifer for the first time, including information on ontogenetic changes during larval development. The tadpole of C. calcarifer is characterised in having distinctive morphology, mouthpart features and markings.

CORONAVIRUS- A REVIEW

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a coronavirus. Coronaviruses are a group of enveloped viruses with nonsegmented, single-stranded, and positive-sense RNA genomes. Apart from infecting a variety of economically important vertebrates (such as pigs and chickens), six coronaviruses have been known to infect human hosts and cause respiratory diseases. Among them, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are zoonotic and highly pathogenic coronaviruses that have resulted in regional and global outbreaks Coronaviruses possess a distinctive morphology, the name being derived from the outer fringe, or corona‖ of embedded envelope protein. Members of the family Coronaviridae cause a broad spectrum of animal and human diseases. Uniquely, replication of the RNA genome proceeds through the generation of a nested set of viral mRNA molecules. Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Replication of HCoV is regulated by a diversity of host factors and induces drastic alterations in cellular structure and physiology. In this review all (as we possible) information about Corona viruses are given. Keywords: Corona virus, respiratory, viruses, Hcov, host, RNA.

Microstructural Investigation of Fluoroapatite Hydrothermally Converted from Hydroxyapatite Synthesized from Crocodile Eggshell

Fluoro/hydroxyapatite (FHAp) were prepared by hydrothermal at 150 °C for 24 hours with different of starting materials. The conversion of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and tricalcium phosphate to FHAp showed the rod-like shape with 200 nm. While, the morphology of FHAp from crocodile eggshell as CaCO3 form with different in phosphorus and fluoride source showed the unique structure evolution from rod-like hexagonal crystals, dumbbell to ball shape. Two distinctive morphology, first when using NaF as fluoride source with (NH4)2HPO4 precursor show the large cubic structure in high magnification it is tufted hexagonal crystal and it bundle like structure. As the pH value decreases in NH4F, it increases crystal size. For H3PO4 as phosphate precursor found that unique structure evolution from rod-like hexagonal crystals to dumbbell structure and then form the sphere assembly with a size of several micrometers.

The Oxford History of Romanian Morphology

Romanian is one of the most morphologically complex Romance languages. This book is the first ever comprehensive and accessible account of how that morphological system evolved. Here are some of the most salient morphological traits distinctive of this language: it possesses an inflexional case system; unlike other Romance languages, it has an inflexional vocative; the morphological marking of number reached such a level of unpredictability that, for most nouns (and for many adjectives), the form of the plural must be independently specified alongside that of the singular; in addition to masculine and feminine, it seems to possess a third gender, often referred to as a ‘neuter’; its verb system contains a non-finite form, which apparently continues the Latin supine; the infinitive has undergone a morphological split such that one form functions now purely as a noun, while the other remains purely a verb; the distinctive morphology of the subjunctive has largely disappeared; lastly, noun and verb morphology are deeply permeated by the effects of successive sound changes, which have created remarkably complex patterns of allomorphy. The origins of many of these developments are problematic, indeed controversial. Moreover, they are problematic in ways that are of interest not only to broader historical Romance linguistics but, even more broadly, to morphological theory tout court. The Oxford History of Romanian Morphology shows how the features listed here are relevant to students and scholars interested in historical morphology generally no less than they are to Romance linguists.

Palaeogeographical homogeneity of trace-fossil assemblages in Lower Jurassic spotted marls and limestones: comparison of the Western Carpathians and the Betic Cordillera

Micritic sediments containing dark, discrete, organic-rich burrows, situated in a light grey background carbonate mud, were deposited over a broad geographical area in deep-shelf, bathyal and basinal environments in the western margin of the Tethys Ocean during the Early and Middle Jurassic. These hemipelagic deposits represent a distinct depositional regime marked by low-energy, soft-bottom and only locally dysoxic environments. Still, it is unclear whether the trace-fossil assemblages occurring in these deposits pertain to a network of several community types – the ichnotaxa differing from basin to basin – or to a single community of environmentally broad-ranging, burrow-producing species. Lower Jurassic trace-fossil assemblages are found in the Western Carpathians and in the Subbetic, Betic Cordillera: that is, in basins separated by more than 2000 km in their original palaeogeographical areas. The stereotypical Chondrites and Zoophycos trace-fossil assemblages that occur in the analysed deposits share two ichnogenera of distinctive morphology (Lamellaeichnus and Teichichnus). Agglutinated foraminifera Bathysiphon occurs together with the described trace-fossil assemblage and determines the epibenthic palaeoenvironmental conditions. In the Western Carpathians, a Lamellaeichnus-dominated assemblage alternates with a Zoophycos-dominated assemblage in small, metre-scale cycles in the upper Pliensbachian, and the proportion of the Zoophycos assemblage increases stratigraphically upwards, probably owing to reduced basin ventilation during the early Toarcian. Within the southern Iberian palaeomargin, represented by the Betic Cordillera, Zoophycos is scarce in the facies.

The biological prospective of red-pigmented bacteria cultured from contaminated agar media

Arifiyanto A, Afriani H, Putri MH, Damayanti B, Riyanto CL. 2021. The biological prospective of red-pigmented bacteria cultured from contaminated agar media. Biodiversitas 22: 1152-1159. Contaminated agar media was often depleted due to the growth of microbes, which is undesirable for culture. However, the contaminating microbes usually have a distinctive morphology. This research aimed to identify the potential of red-pigmented bacteria originated from the contamination of Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Fruit fly larvae that grow on contaminated tryptic soy agar were accompanied by the appearance of the red-pigmented bacteria colony. The bacterial colonies were purified by the re-streaking method on tryptic soybean agar. This strain was characterized morphologically, biochemically, and molecularly. Results showed that the MBC1 strain was identified as Serratia marcescens. The various metal susceptibility tests at 25 ppm did not affect the growth of the MBC1 strain. Meanwhile, it was also able to inhibit the growth of certain pathogens such as Aspergillus niger, Candida sp., Fusarium sp., and Rigidoporous sp. Strain MBC1 was able to produce antioxidant compounds. The lipolytic and amylolytic activity can be developed for bioremediate agriculture waste and biosurfactant production.