Effects of reducing and enforcing speed limits in selected arterial roads in Bogota

In Bogota, the speed limit in five corridors with the highest concentration of traffic crashes victims in the city was reduced from 60 to 50 km/h since November 2018. The average speed reduction in the corridors with speed management was 1.48 km/h during daytime and 3.04 km/h during nighttime. In arterial corridors without speed management, the average speed reduction was 0.7 km/h during daytime and 2.2 km/h during nighttime. The speed management measure influenced a reduction of 16.6% in the number of fatalities and an 10.5% increase of crashes with injuries. The severity of the crashes decreased. The average count of run over crashes was also reduced by 10%. Changes in the geographical distribution of crashes with injuries and fatalities along the corridors with speed management indicate the necessity to implement stricter enforcement measures to increase the effectiveness of speed management operations during nighttime.

Spawning Potential Ratio (SPR) Approach as a Management Measure of Skipjack Sustainability Record from Cilacap Fishing Port, Central Java, Indonesia

Highlight Research:Spawning potential ratio (SPR) based on the length and frequency data is a substitution approach for data-poor management in fisheriesGonad maturity is an indicator to ensure recruitment and stock sustainability. Therefore important to evaluate the impact of fishing capture on the size and length of fishSpawning potential ratio of skipjack relatively low and potential medium impact on risk sustainability AbstractWhen data is limited, management measurement from fisheries makes it possible to use natural history data to analyze the potential spawning ratio (SPR). This research aimed to determine skipjack fish management measure from the Indian Ocean landed at Cilacap Fishing Port through the SPR approach. The study was conducted in December 2014 to March 2015 using length and reproduction data. The analysis consisted of the size structure, growth rate, and asymptotic length that were analyzed using FISAT II program and length at fifty percent maturity (Lm50). The SPR analysis used SPR software from the application in http://barefootecologist.com.au/lbspr. The size distributions of skipjack obtained were a length of 220-790 mm and an average dominant length of 311-371 mm. The asymptotic length obtained was 831.57 mm, with growth rate and natural mortality of 1.1 and 1.44 per year respectively. The population proportion of 50% reaching gonad maturity (Lm50) was found at a length of 494.75 mm and (Lm95 = 522.39 mm) with an M/k ratio of 1.309. The length selectivity level was caught 50% (SL50 = 317.36 mm) and 95% (SL95 = 373.1 mm). The spawning potential ratio (SPR) ranged from 2-4 with an average of 4% during observation. The SPR potential, which is lower from the standardized threshold of 40%, indicates many young fish populations are caught, and the potential for overfishing is high, high risk, and low sustainability.

SELECTION OF CLASSIFIER MODELS FOR INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM(IDS)

Any unusual move can be considered a break in quirks. Some procedures and calculations were mentioned in the drafting to identify irregularities. In most cases, true positive and false positive limits were used to observe their display. However, depending on the application, an off-base false positive or false positive can have serious adverse repercussions. This requires the incorporation of cost-sensitive limits on display. Furthermore, the more popular KDD-CUP-99 test data set has a huge information size that requires some pre-management measure. Our work in this article begins by listing the need for a delicate cost examination with some original models. After talking about the KDDCUP-99, a methodology for the end of the reflections is proposed and later the possibility of reducing the amount of the most significant reflections in a simple way and the size of the KDD-CUP-99 in a indirect way. From the revealed writing, the general techniques are chosen to detect the irregularities that best behave for the various types of aggressions. These various filing cabinets are stacked to frame a team. An expensive method is proposed to dispense the relative loads to the classifiers equipped for the realization of the finished product. The profitability of the false and genuine positive results is performed and a technique is proposed to choose the components of the profitability measures to further improve the results and achieve the best overall exposure. There is talk of the effect on the exchange of execution due to the merger of the viability of the expense.

Dayara bugyal restoration model in the alpine and subalpine region of the Central Himalaya: a step toward minimizing the impacts

Eco-restoration initiative work in the high altitude Dayara pastureland (3501 m) from the Indian Himalayan Region has been considered to be one of the successful field demonstration against both natural and anthropogenic degradation. The present study therefore attempts to assess the implications of entire eco-restoration model as practiced by Department of Forest, Government of Uttarakhand in 2019. Its assessment was done by calculating restoration success index by way of considering three categories, viz., direct management measure (M), environmental desirability (E) and socio-economic feasibility (SE) considering 22 individual variables. ‘M’ comprised both biotic and abiotic pressures. Grazing and tourism were biotic, while abiotic pressure was considered mainly soil erosion in alpine area due to topographic fragility. Above ground vegetation profile and below ground soil nutrient profile (N, P, K, pH and water holding capacity) were analyzed in ‘E’ component. In the last but not least, ‘SE’ was analyzed to assess the social acceptability of the local communities and stakeholders who are supposed to be ultimate beneficiary of alike interventions. Direct management measure was found with the variable index score of 0.8 indicating the higher score as compared to environmental desirability (0.56). Under direct management measure, grazing and tourists’ carrying capacity of the area was analyzed with high management needs to call the region sustainable in terms of availability of bio-resources. The ecosystem index score was evaluated for the reference (81.94), treated (64.5) and untreated zones (52.03), wherein increasing profile of these values were found. The outcomes like improved vegetation profile in terms of total herb density, soil nutrient profile of the restored area along with soil pH (4.96) and water holding capacity (49.85%) were found to be restored significantly along with controlling 169.64 tonne year-1 soil erosion from draining. The assessment of grazing pattern of 118 migratory Cow Unit (CU) (76 horse/mule and 18 sheep/goat, already controlled), 318 local CU (30 horse/mule and 187 sheep/goat) were calculated and recommended to be controlled. Tourists’ carrying capacity of 274 tourists per day and manual removal of Rumex nepalensis at the shepherd camping site were found to be worth to apply in the area. Use of biodegradable but locally sourced material and engaging local villagers in this endeavor were also found to be in harmony with SDG Goal 1 (no poverty). Therefore, the restoration and its evaluation model could have its future prospects to prove as a successful restoration practice. This restoration practice could not only be worth in high altitude degraded alpine pastures of the Indian Himalayan Region but also to other mountain alpine and sub-alpine ecosystems.

Adaptation Potential of Farmers’ Own Risk Management Strategies in Smallholder Agriculture: Some Evidence from India

Farmers in developing countries are more exposed to frequent climatic shocks, and they, in the absence of a well-functioning market for crop insurance, rely on their own risk management strategies to reduce adverse effects of climatic shocks on agricultural production. This study evaluates adaptation benefits of farmers’ own risk management strategies in Indian agriculture, and comes out four key highlights. One, farmers, based on their historical exposures to climatic shocks, resource endowments and access to information and credit, often use more than one risk management measure at a time. Two, all risk management strategies, including the mitigation, transfer and coping, contribute towards improving agricultural productivity and reducing downside risk exposure, but it is the risk mitigation strategy that is more efficient. Three, joint adoption of risk management strategies generates even larger adaptation benefits. Four, although joint adoption of these strategies is positively associated with farm size, with information and liquidity constraints relaxed probability of their joint adoption is likely to increase on smaller farms.

Effects of Living Cover on the Soil Microbial Communities and Ecosystem Functions of Hazelnut Orchards

Living cover is an important management measure for orchards in China, and has certain influences on soil properties, microorganisms, and the micro-ecological environment. However, there are few studies on the effects of living cover on the soil changes in hazelnut orchards. In this study, we compared the soils of living cover treatments with Vulpia myuros and the soils of no cover treatments, and analyzed the observed changes in soil properties, microorganisms, and microbial functions by using high-throughput ITS rDNA and 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing. The results demonstrated that the total organic carbon content in the 20–40 cm deep soils under the living cover treatments increased by 32.87 and 14.82% in May and July, respectively, compared with those under the no cover treatments. The living cover treatment with V. myuros also significantly increased the contents of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) in the soil samples. Moreover, the influence of seasons was not as significant as that of soil depth. The living cover treatment also significantly improved the soil enzyme activity levels. The results demonstrated that Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant fungal phyla in all samples, while Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi were the dominant bacterial phyla, but the different treatments impacted the compositions of fungal and bacterial communities. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that living cover with V. myuros significantly changed the soil fungal community structures whereas the bacterial community structures may be more sensitive to seasonal changes. At the microbial functional level, the living cover treatment increased the fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of symbiotrophs and decreased that of pathotrophs. According to this study, we believe that the application of a living cover with V. myuros has a favorable regulating influence on soil properties, microbial communities and microbial function. This treatment can also reduce the use of herbicides, reduce the cost of orchard management, and store more carbon underground to achieve sustainable intensification of production in hazelnut orchards, so it can be considered as a management measure for hazelnut orchards.

Tracing the Use of the Family Management Framework and Measure: A Scoping Review

This article reports the results of a scoping review of research applications of the Family Management Style Framework (FMSF) and the Family Management Measure (FaMM). We identified 32 studies based on the FMSF and 41 studies in which the FaMM was used, 17 of which were based on the FMSF. Both the framework and measure have been used by investigators in multiple countries, with most applications of the FaMM outside the United States. Although the FMSF and FaMM were originally developed for use with families in which there was a child with a chronic physical condition, both have been applied to a broader range of health conditions and to studies focusing on families with an adult member facing a health challenge. Based on our findings, we make recommendations for how researchers can more fully address all aspects of the FMSF.

Management and Land Cover Changes in the Western Carpathian Traditional Orchard Landscape in the Period after 1948

In Slovakia, traditional orchards, like other European rural landscapes and their agricultural systems, are at long-term risk from changes in land use and management. We focused on this issue in the Nová Baňa dispersed settlement region (central Slovakia), which contains numerous traditional orchards. Management changes over the period 1949–2017 were evaluated on the basis of structured interviews conducted with the owners of 63 traditional orchards. Management measures were evaluated separately for 1949, 1970, 1991, 2000, 2007 and 2017. These data were supplemented by data on land cover over time, with an emphasis on orchards, evaluated for the years 1949, 1976, 1991 and 2017 using historical orthophoto maps. Traditional orchard management included mowing, grazing, plowing, fertilizing, and litter raking. By 2017, the management regime had changed in 92% of orchards. The use of plowing and grazing in orchards decreased, and the use of mulching has increased since 2000. From 1949 to 2017, the number of identifiable management regimes doubled; regimes consisting of a single management measure appeared, while regimes of multiple management measures decreased in frequency. Between 1949 and 2017, there was a total decrease of 38.36% in the area of traditional orchards; 31.62% of orchards remained unchanged. The largest decrease was caused by orchard conversion into grasslands (18.93%), forests (13.81%), shrubs (9.42%) and urbanized areas (8.87%).