Description of the male, nest architecture and biology notes of Zethus plaumanni Bohart & Stange, 1965 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in southern Brazil

Although diverse and widespread, there is much to improve on the knowledge of Zethus Fabricius, 1804 wasps. This includes aspects of many areas, such as data on taxonomy, behavior and biology. In the present study, we investigated Zethus plaumanni Bohart & Stange, 1965, a species hitherto known only from the female type in the literature, and worked to fill gaps on the knowledge of this species by describing the male and its genitalia, the nest structure and giving notes on the biology of individuals collected in trap-nests in southern Brazil. The male is diagnosable by characters also used for female identification. The nest follows the pattern of typical pre-existing cavity users, with a remarkable multi-layered nest plug. Sex ratio follows the 1:1 rule and sampling indicates diapause in the adult phase.

Efficacy of Two Predatory Coccinellid Specie Feeding on Different Desities of Bemisia Tabaci (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) Nymphs in The Laboratory

Aseries of experiments were conducted laborators of biollogical control in the postgraduate laboratory at the Al-Mussaib Technical College, AL-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University-Iraq in 2020, The larval and adult phase of Hippodamia variegate and Coccinella Septempunctata.L were reard on different densities of Bemisia tabaci nymphs to reveae theis predation and the effect on this longevity too: The average number of predation whitefly nymphs per day from each age larvae and adults of the thirteen-spoted ladybird H. variegate and the seven- spoted ladybird C. Septempunctata. L was in direct proportion to the increase in the density of the whitefly nymphs supplied for it daily, The highest average of thirteen point ladybird larvae was (48.60) at density (64) nymphs/whitefly at the first larval phase. While the lowest rate of first-stage larvae was (6.40) at density (2) nymphs/whitefly for the same larval phase, while the highest average of fourth-stage larvae was (131.20) at density (64) nymphs/whitefly. While the lowest average of the fourth larvae phase was (39.20) at density (8) nymphs/whitefly, As for the seven- spoted ladybird, the highest average of first-phase larvae reached (53.80) at density (64) nymphs/whitefly, while the lowest average of first-phase larvae reached (5.40) at density (2) nymphs/whitefly for the same larval phase. While the highest average of fourth phase larvae was (160.40) at density (64) nymph/whitefly, while the lowest average of fourth phase larvae was (46.00) at density (4) nymph/whitefly. The number of whitefly nymphs preyed by the thirteen- spoted ladybird H. variegate is less than the number of whitefly nymphs preyed by the seven- spoted ladybird C. Septempunctata. L. The daily average of predation for male predation ladybirds understudy for whitefly nymphs is less than the daily average for females with significant differences.

Cytokinin regulates vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis thaliana through the miR172/TOE1-TOE2 module

During vegetative growth plants pass from a juvenile to an adult phase causing changes in shoot morphology. This vegetative phase change is primarily regulated by the opposite actions of two microRNAs, the inhibitory miR156 and the promoting miR172 as well as their respective target genes, constituting the age pathway. Here we show that the phytohormone cytokinin promotes the juvenile-to-adult phase transition through regulating components of the age pathway. Reduction of cytokinin signalling substantially delayed the transition to the adult stage. tZ-type cytokinin was particularly important as compared to iP- and the inactive cZ-type cytokinin, and root-derived tZ influenced the phase transition significantly. Genetic and transcriptional analyses indicated the requirement of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors and miR172 for cytokinin activity. Two miR172 targets, TARGET OF EAT1 (TOE1) and TOE2 encoding transcriptional repressors were necessary and sufficient to mediate the influence of cytokinin on vegetative phase change. This cytokinin pathway regulating plant aging adds to the complexity of the regulatory network controlling the juvenile-to-adult phase transition and links cytokinin to miRNA action.

Growth and survival of the native oyster Crassostrea gasar cultured under different stocking densities in two grow-out systems in tropical climate

ABSTRACT Survival and growth of the native oyster Crassostrea gasar along the juvenile and adult phases were evaluated in three different stocking densities [low (D), medium (2D) and high (3D)] and in two grow-out systems (fixed and floating system). The fixed system consisted of a rack made with PVC, fixed from the bottom with wood sticks. The floating system consisted of floating bags suspended by a rack made with PVC and maintained submerged from the seawater surface by eight floats. Survival and shell height of oysters cultured after 30, 60 and 90 days were registered in each phase and in each grow-out system. Results showed that the grow-out system did not affect survival and growth of C. gasar in the juvenile and adult phases. The tested densities affected the survival of oysters cultured over time in both phases but did not affect oyster growth. At times analyzed, it was observed positive growth in juvenile oysters grow after 90 days of culture. However, in the adult phase, no growth was observed after 90 days of culture. Oyster yield was higher in the density 3D, in both juvenile and adult phases. These findings contributed to the development of the oyster C. gasar culture.

Pengaruh Media Massa Terhadap Tahap Perkembangan Psikologi Agama Pada Manusia

The presence of mass media in the current era of globalization is nothing special, various kinds of media appear, grow and develop like mushrooms in the rainy season, especially with the internet that allows connections between individuals in this world. The media enter into people's lives and have an influence on one's beliefs, this is in line with the opinion of Jhon Vivian who said that mass media is a facility that carries messages to the public. A person's religious behavior arises because of an internal urge, which then gets an influence from the environment. In subsequent developments, religious behavior is much influenced by factors of religious experience, personality, psychological elements and others. Human life experiences several phases in the level of development of the religious soul in itself, including the children's phase, the adolescent phase, the adult phase, and the advanced phase. Each phase has its own characteristics and uniqueness. One of the formers of religious character in these phases is the mass media. Mass media in the present era is not only a complement but also a part of life. This media has both positive and negative influences on humans.

A STUDY ON EMERGING ADULTHOOD IN HELLENIC AIR FORCE CADETS IN GREECE

This paper presents the findings of the research carried out at the Hellenic Air Force’s 120 Air Training Wing, with the objective to define the characteristics and dimensions of emerging adulthood among student pilots during the initial and basic phase of flight training, and also to investigate the extent to which these characteristics are related to the type and content of their training. As shown by comparing the findings of the research with similar studies in the Greek context, in which students have participated, student pilots seem to be crossing the threshold of adulthood much earlier than their peers who are university students. Moreover, due to the content of their training, their views on the characteristics and dimensions of adulthood focus mostly on responsibilities and duties rather than on the rights of the adult phase of life. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0743/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Changes in Haemolymph Biochemical values during different growth phases in African Giant Land Snail (Archachatina Marginata) Swainson

The impact of growth phases on the haemolympy biochemical value of African giant land snail Archachatina marginata was studied. The growth phases were: snailet, juvenile and Adult based on the number of whorls on the shell and weight of the snails. Highest concentration of glucose and lipids were recorded at the juvenile phase (40.20mg/dl), while least values for glucose (20.00mg/dl) and lipids (37.80mg/dl)were recorded during snailer and adult phases respectively. A progressive increase in the concentration of protein was observed as the snails moved from snailetphase to adult phase, hence snails in adult phase had highest concentration of protein in their haemolymph. Growth phases significantly (p<0.05) affected the haemolymph mineral composition of the snails, juvenile phase had the highest values in ca2+,PO4+ and Na+, while the adult phase recorded the least concentration in ca2+, Na amd cl-2. Juvenile growth phase of A. marginata thus has better haemolymph biochemical values than both snailet and adult growth phases.

Juvenile Leaves or Adult Leaves: Determinants for Vegetative Phase Change in Flowering Plants

Vegetative leaves in Arabidopsis are classified as either juvenile leaves or adult leaves based on their specific traits, such as leaf shape and the presence of abaxial trichomes. The timing of the juvenile-to-adult phase transition during vegetative development, called the vegetative phase change, is a critical decision for plants, as this transition is associated with crop yield, stress responses, and immune responses. Juvenile leaves are characterized by high levels of miR156/157, and adult leaves are characterized by high levels of miR156/157 targets, SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors. The discovery of this miR156/157-SPL module provided a critical tool for elucidating the complex regulation of the juvenile-to-adult phase transition in plants. In this review, we discuss how the traits of juvenile leaves and adult leaves are determined by the miR156/157-SPL module and how different factors, including embryonic regulators, sugar, meristem regulators, hormones, and epigenetic proteins are involved in controlling the juvenile-to-adult phase transition, focusing on recent insights into vegetative phase change. We also highlight outstanding questions in the field that need further investigation. Understanding how vegetative phase change is regulated would provide a basis for manipulating agricultural traits under various conditions.