Methodology for determining the flow rate and temperature of generated hot water when calculating the thermal diagram of a hot water boiler room

The consumption and temperature of hot water produced by boiler units are calculated using such a quantity as the consumption of the consumed network water. The formulas represent functional dependencies connecting the obtained values not only with the consumption of heating water, but also with the consumption of hot water supplied for recirculation, for own needs and for the needs of the fuel economy. They take into account the losses of network and hot water. The formulas are obtained as a result of the joint solution of the equation for the total consumption of hot water and the equation for its partial costs.

The effect of heating water on the quantitative parameters of the zoobenthos of the Lukomlskaya GRES cooling reservoir

The changes abundance zoobenthos at the heated zone and non-heated zone on the different depths in summer and autumn was studying in this article. In the heated zone, the abundance was 1.5‒2 times higher than in the non-heated zone in summer and autumn. The basis of the number zoobenthos was oligochaete-chironomid complex. Number distributions zoobenthos was similar to the heated zone and non-heated zone in the summer and autumn.

Sea Prayer: An Illustrated Literary Narration on the Afflictions of Refugees

Children have been the most sought-after artist, sculptors, creators, innovators, poets, builders, and are likely to practice many professions and become one. As curious learners from their toddler life, they try to grab any object that is around and make some sense out of them. For instance, playing on a heap of sand they construct their dream homes, getting hold of their dad’s stethoscope they try to feel the ‘lub dub’ beat on the chest of their parents; playing with the cooking vessels that they stealthily take it from their mother’s kitchen and play the role of a cook and chef by heating water on a toy gas stove etc. These little incidents in their life, as little ones, have given a giant leap for mankind in the field of discovery and inventions. Many scientists like James Watt (watching the boiling kettle in his mother’s cottage), Archimedes (incident in his bathing tub), Isaac Newton (falling apple) and many other such scientists have invented something or the other, through observations and experiences. These inventions are taught to children in their science classes according to their syllabus that are graded by the education department and syllabus makers. This article will make an attempt to cater interest among students to get into the picturesque and fascinating world of children’s Nursery Rhymes to understand and learn many scientific and engineering concepts from it. Through the pictorial representations found in the nursery rhymes, many engineering concepts can be taught to children between the ages of six to fifteen. This can be seen as one of the innovative methods of revealing the great wonders of science through the Nursery Rhymes.

SELECTIVE DEPOSITION OF NANOFIBERS NET ON TEXTILE STRUCTURES

Nanotechnology has evolved in the last years and nowadays there are many technologies related with the development of nanoparticles (NPs) or nanofibers (NFs). Due to the wide variety of polymers and diverse applications, filtration, medicine, cosmetic, etc., the study of those NFs is still of interest nowadays. In this work the NFs net created from electrospinning is used as a coating for fabrics. The aim of this work is to demonstrate how fibres are placed on the fabrics and if there is a tendency or they are located randomly. Two different fabrics were used a 100 % cotton plain 115g/m2 and a 100% polyamide knitting fabric 60 g/m2. A PVA solution (9% w/v) was used to create NFs which were placed on the fabrics. This solution was prepared by heating water at 80º C till complete solution of the polymer. Electrospinning was designed for a vertical collector with 15 cm distance from the needle. The flow rate was 0,5 mL/h with 15 or 20 kV for 15 minutes. Results evidenced the tendency of NFs net to be located on the fibres and consequently we could conclude the fabric is designing the position where the fibres would be placed. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that the presence of a fabric with reduced density implies deposition of NFs on both the fabric and the collector.

Impacts of temperature alteration on the drinking water quality stored in plastic bottles

Many people prefer to drink bottled water instead off the tap water. The bottled water is stored in the plastic bottles sometimes for long time. These plastic bottles might leach out some harmful materials into the water especially when exposed to temperature alteration, which may affect human health. This research work focused on investigating the effect of changing temperature on the bottled water quality. The work studied the effect of heating water in plastic bottles by sun, oven, and microwave. The study included also the impact of cooling and freezing the bottled waters. Results showed that temperature alterations caused changes in some physicochemical properties of bottled waters such as decreasing the values of pH and TDS and increasing levels of fluoride and chloride. In addition, the concentration levels of some physiochemical parameters exceeded the permissible values for drinking water. With temperature alterations, all levels of heavy metals in bottled waters were minimal except some small concentrations of copper and zinc. Results confirmed also differences in behavior between the bottled water brands exposed to the same temperature alterations. Heating bottled waters above 50 °C is alarming problem on the water quality. This is because above this degree, many alternations were observed in the water content. The outcomes of this work are useful for improving the current legislation on bottled waters and their storage.

Exploitation of Excess Low-Temperature Heat Sources from Cogeneration Gas Engines

The chapter presents an innovative technical solution for the use of low-temperature excess heat from the combined heat and power (CHP) of gas engines using gas or liquid fuel for district heating, building heating or industry. The primary fuel efficiency of CHP gas engines for heat production can be significantly increased by using the low-temperature excess heat of the exhaust gasses and the cooling system of the CHP gas engine, which are released into the environment thereby also reducing CO2 emissions. District heating hot water systems generally work with higher temperatures of the heating water, which is transported to the heat consumer via the supply line, and the cooled heating water is returned to the CHP gas engine via the return line. In order to make use of the excess low-temperature heat of the exhaust gasses and the cooling system of the CHP gas engine, a condenser must be installed in the exhaust pipe in which the water vapor contained in the exhaust gasses condenses and a mixture of water and glycol is heated, which later leads to the evaporator of the high-temperature heat pump (HTHP). The cooled heating water is returned from the heat consumer via the district heating return pipe to a condenser of one or more HTHPs connected in series, where it is reheated and then sent to a CHP gas engine, where it is reheated to the final temperature. The Aspen plus software package is used to run a computer simulation of one or more HTHPs connected in series and parallel to the district heating system and to demonstrate the economics of using the excess heat from the exhaust gasses and the cooling system of the CHP gas engine.

The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Structure of Zeolite A

Knowledge about the thermal properties of zeolites is extremely important due to their potential application in the chemical industry. In this work, the thermal stability and the dehydration process of zeolite A were investigated by in situ high temperature Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The progress of thermal decomposition that zeolite A underwent during the controlled temperature increase in the range of 25–600 °C was determined by the DRIFT spectroscopic method. Infrared spectra are presented and discussed for this compound on the basis of the crystal structure. Based on the courses of the obtained DRIFT spectra, it was found that, during heating, water was gradually removed from the structure of the material, followed by dehydration and formation of hydrogen bonds. It was established that the process of thermal degradation began as early as 550 °C. The analysis of the obtained results of structural tests can be repeated on other materials from the zeolite group and complements the research work on the thermal analysis of these materials.

Recommendations for Running a Tandem of Adsorption Chillers Connected in Series and Powered by Low-Temperature Heat from District Heating Network

In this paper, we investigate implications of running a cooling system of two silicagel/water adsorption chillers powered by a district heating network. The devices are connected in series, i.e., the heating water output from the primary chiller is directed to the secondary one. In consequence, the secondary device must deal with an even lower driving temperature and with temperature fluctuations caused by the primary device. We have evaluated three factors that influence the operation of those coupled devices: synchronization of their operating cycles, selection of their cycle time allocations (CTAs), and changing the heating water mass flow rate. Numerical analyses indicate that the performance of the secondary chiller drops significantly if the coupled devices that use the same CTA run asynchronously. The decrease is largest if the shift between the operating cycles is x=0.375 and x=0.875. We found that it is possible to reduce the negative influence of the asynchronous operation by implementing different CTA in each chiller. The best performance is achieved if the primary chiller uses an adsorption time to desorption time ratio f=1.0 and the secondary chiller uses f = 0.6–0.7.