FIRE PROTECTION TEST OF ALUMINUM AND BORON COMPOUNDS FOR STRUGGLE AGAINST GROUND FIRES

The fight against ground forest fires includes three measures: (1) preventing the occurrence, (2) limiting the spread, and finally, if the first two did not help, (3) extinguishing the edge of the fire. It is impossible to completely eliminate the factors contributing to the onset and development of fires in these territories. Therefore, measures to prevent the free spread of fire will be the most effective ones. A method is proposed to prevent and limit the spread of ground fire by creating fire-retardant strips. These are areas covered with grass and plant debris, treated (by spraying) with aqueous solutions of aluminum hydrogels. The efficiency of the flame retardant properties of such strips has been studied during field experiments. It has shown that obvious signs of fire-retardant effect of aluminum hydrogel begin to appear at a concentration of 7 g/l, with a flow rate of 1 liter of solution per 1 m2 of the treated area. In this case, ground fire loses its stability and its speed decreases 2-3 times. The treatment of the plots with hydrogel solutions with a concentration of 14 g/l or more completely prevented the spread of the flame over the grass cover. In addition, attempts to force the site to burn (28 g/l) were unsuccessful. A water-soluble compound of boron - sodium tetraborate - with concentrations of 3.5-28 g/l does not have sufficient fire retardant action to stop the spread of ground fire.

STANDARISASI PARAMETER SPESIFIK EKSTRAK METANOL BIJI KEBIUL (Caesalpinia Bonduc L.) SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU OBAT HERBAL TERSTANDAR

The determination of specific parameters standardization of knicker nut (Caesalpinia BonducL.) methanol extract as the standardized herbal medicine raw materials has been carried out to ensure the quality improvement of traditional medicines and the efficacy of the plant. The purpose of this research is to determine the specific parameters of knicker nut extract so that it can be consumed as herbal medicines that have been scientifically tested. The knicker nut extract was obtained from the extraction employing the maceration method with methanol as the solvent. Specific parameters testing included extract identity, extract organoleptic, dissolved compound in certain solvents, along with extract chemical test. The results of extract identity testing show that the Latin name is CaesalpiniaBonducL. with the nut as the used part of the plant. The organoleptic test reveals that the plant is in the form of thick extract, blackish-brown in color, bitter, has pungent smell/typical smell of knicker nut, contains water-soluble compound of 10.33% with the standard deviation ±1.154707755, N-hexane-soluble compound of 3.33% with the standard deviation ±1.154707755, and methanol-soluble compound of 17.33% with the standard deviation ±3.511886957. Moreover, the flavonoids wavelengths are 382 nm (band I) and 262 nm (band II).

Mannosylerythritol Lipid B Enhances the Skin Permeability of the Water-Soluble Compound Calcein via OH Stretching Vibration Changes

We confirmed that mannosylerythritol lipid B (MEL-B), a biosurfactant, enhances the skin permeability of the model water-soluble compound calcein. MEL-B liposomes were prepared by the thin-layer evaporation technique, and then applied to the skin. Although we attempted to adjust the size by extrusion, we could not control the particle diameter of the liposomes. However, the MEL-B liposome particle diameter remained the same over the 7-day study period. We observed an endothermic peak, with 74.7 °C as the transition temperature by differential scanning calorimetry. We also performed a fusion experiment with a fluorescence resonance energy transfer. A high amount of fusion of intercellular lipid liposomes and MEL-B liposomes occurred in a short period of time. After applying the MEL-B liposomes containing calcein to the skin, we measured the degree of calcein permeation and the amount of calcein within the skin. The resulting values were higher than those of an aqueous solution. The results obtained using a confocal laser scanning microscope suggested that calcein had been delivered deeply into the skin. Using the attenuation of total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, we observed that the OH stretching vibration had shifted to a higher wavenumber; however, this did not affect the CH stretching vibration. The measurement of transepidermal water loss after four days of continuous application of 1% MEL-B to animals revealed no changes. Our results suggest that MEL-B increases the skin permeability of compounds (calcein) that are difficult to deliver transdermally by changing the OH stretching vibration, which shifts to a higher wavenumber.

Bio-Crude Production through Aqueous Phase Recycling of Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Sewage Sludge

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising technology for the production of bio-crude. However, some unresolved issues still exist within HTL, which need to be resolved before its promotion on a commercial scale. The management of the aqueous phase is one of the leading challenges related to HTL. In this study, the sewage sludge has been liquefied at 350 °C with and without catalyst (K2CO3). Subsequently, aqueous phase recycling was applied to investigate the effect of recycling on bio-crude properties. Obtained results showed that the energy recovery in the form of bio-crude increased by 50% via aqueous phase recirculation, whereas nitrogen content in the bio-crude was approximately doubled after eight rounds of recycling. GCMS characterization of the aqueous phase indicated acetic acid as a major water-soluble compound, which employed as a catalyst (0.56 M), and resulted in a negligible increase in bio-crude yield. ICP-AES highlighted that the majority of the inorganics were transferred to the solid phase, while the higher accumulation of potassium and sodium was found in the aqueous phase via successive rounds of recycling.

A lysozyme corona complex for the controlled pharmacokinetic release of probucol from mesoporous silica particles

Mesoporous silica particles (MSPs) enhance and allow to control the release kinetics of poorly soluble compound probucol (PB) under the influence of a pore-blocking lysozyme protein corona.

Novel keto–enol tautomerism in 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene systems

We report a new synthesis of the water-soluble compound 1,3,5-trihydroxy-2,4,6-trimethylsulfonic acid (1), which exists in two tautomeric forms (60 : 40::enol%:keto%), and its lanthanide complexes. Relative tautomer stability is influenced by intramolecular H-bonding and competing implicit solvent effects.