Transport Phenomena, equations and numerical methods

This book offers a preliminary overview of transport phenomena. Topics covered are the basic introduction on several aspects of heat transfer, mass transfer, and fluid mechanics, focusing on issues arising from conservationlaws. Conservation laws arise when some (physical) quantity is conserved, for example, mass or momentum. Thus they are frequently encountered in a wide range of scientific and engineering fields. Conservation laws when expressed in terms of partial differential equations, they are mostly non-linear, and often they also admit discontinuous shock wave solutions. In applications, shock wave solutions may be found as bores in rivers, sonic boom, or traffic jam. This book contains a comprehensive coverage of numerical techniques and analysis, as well as theoretical development, which is vital to the understanding and implementation of applications. This book would be suitable for advanced undergraduate students in mathematics and computational sciences.

Continuity of Shock and Level of Aversiveness in Shuttlebox-Avoidance Behavior

4 groups of 16 rats each were given standard shuttlebox-avoidance training. 2 groups were trained with a continuous shock which, depending on the scrambling arrangement, could be characterized as relatively more or less aversive, respectively. 2 groups were trained with a discontinuous shock which, depending on duration and frequency, could be characterized as relatively more or less aversive. Superior performance was obtained with the less aversive discontinuous shock compared with a more aversive discontinuous shock, and a continuous aversive shock led to better performance than a continuous less aversive shock. The results partially support Dieter's (1976) continuity of shock explanation.