SOME FACTORS RELATED TO KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE OF USING ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS FOR CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS OLD CHILDREN IN TWO COMMUNITIES, KIEN XUONG DISTRICT, THAI BINH PROVINCE, 2020

Objective: To identify some related factors of caregiver use of antibiotics in under 5 years old in twocommunes, Kien Xuong district, Thai Binh province by 2020.Study object: caregivers in two communes of Kien Xuong district, Thai BinhResearch method: Epidemiological method described through cross-sectional investigation withanalysis.Research results: There is a relationship between educational attainment, number of children,economic conditions and age with knowledge of antibiotic use: the proportion of subjects withhigh school knowledge has achieved Antibiotic use is 1.8 times more likely than the group witheducation from high school or less, 95% CI (1.1-2.9). Regarding practice, there is a relationshipbetween knowledge, age of research subjects, parents of children and practice of using antibiotics.the rate of subjects with knowledge achieved with practice is 3.9 times higher than the group withsuccessful practice with unsatisfactory knowledge; The percentage of study subjects who are parentsof children having practice of antibiotic drugs is likely to be 2.5 times higher than that of the child’sgrandparents.

THE PRACTICE OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION AND EDUCATION ABOUT DIABETES AMONG VILLAGE HEALTH WORKERS IN VU THU DISTRICT, THAI BINH PROVINCE IN 2020

Objective: Describe the practice of health communication and education about diabetes among village health workers in Vu Thu district, Thai Binh province in 2020. Subjects: Village Health Worker and Head of Commune Health Station in the communes of Vu Thu district, Thai Binh province. Method: the epidemiological method described through the cross-sectional investigation, combine quantitative research and qualitative research. Results: 69.5% of village health workers had carried out communication and health education for villagers about diabetes in the past year; Over 80% of village health workers had a plan and over 60% cooperate in communicating and educating about diabetes about diabetes; 15/15 opinion of the head of the station said that the communication and education about diabetes in the commune was small, not continuous, mainly indirect communication; 13/15 comments that the biggest difficulty in health communication and education was that the village health workers were still limited in knowledge and skills.

KNOWLEDGE OF ANTICIPATED DRUG USE FOR CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS OLD CHILDREN IN TWO COMMUNITIES, KIEN XUONG DISTRICT, THAI BINH PROVINCE 2020

Objective: To describe the current state of caregivers’ knowledge of using antibiotics for children under 5 years old in two communes, Kien Xuong district, Thai Binh province by 2020. Study object: Caregivers in two communes of KienXuong district, Thai Binh.Research method: Epidemiological method described through cross-sectional investigation with analysis.Research results: Percentage of subjects with knowledge of using antibiotics accounts for 68.5%. In which, the percentage of subjects who have ever heard of information about using antibiotics accounted for 87.8%. The research subjects’ knowledge of how to handle when the child’s disease status is reduced is to stop antibiotics as soon as the child’s disease status decreases, accounting for 73.5%. The proportion of respondents who believe that using antibiotics requiresa doctor’s prescription is 60.3%

Research methodology topics: Cohort studies or prospective and retrospective cohort studies

In health sciences, the epidemiological method can be divided into descriptive and analytical epidemiology and the latter being divided into observational (cross-sectional study, case-control study and cohort study) and experimental studies. Cohort studies may be retrospective or prospective, and both assume that the researcher will follow a population over time to seek a possible association between exposure (s) and outcome(s). These types of studies have as advantages the possibility of measuring several exposure factors and outcomes, both primary and secondary, for both relatively frequent outcomes and rare exposure factors. However, they are often long and therefore expensive studies. They have as main biases those of selection, memory and information. These are studies that may point to statistical associations between exposure and outcome that need other models to prove the casualty of these associations.

INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE ANTIBIOTICS AND THE ANTIBIOTIC RESIDENCE OF THE POPULATION FROM THE SOUTHEAST REGION OF REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

One of the biggest achievements of the second half of the last century, in the field of medicine, was the antibiotics development. Today, their uncontrolled and inappropriate usage is considered as a huge public health problem, because of the occurrence of antibiotics resistance resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents. Around 50% of the antibiotics prescribed during the hospitalization period of the patients are unnecessary or inappropriate. Endemic forms of occurrence and maintenance of resistant and multiresistant bacteria in hospitals, especially in intensive care units, increase morbidity, treatment costs and mortality of hospitalized patients. Aim: To confirm the information and knowledge of the antibiotics usage and antibiotics resistance among the population of the eastern region of Republic of North Macedonia. Material and Methods: The paper is a transphase study conducted in the period from 01.10.2018 30.11.2018 on the territory of the municipalities of Stip, Probistip, Kocani, Radovis and Strumica. Fur fulfilling the set goals, a specially designed questionnaire was made, and a total of 526 respondents fulfilled it voluntarily and anonymously. The descriptive and the analytical epidemiological method of work were used. Results: From the total number of 526 respondents, 230 (43,7%) were men, and 296 (56,3%) were women. The respondents were on the age from 18 to 70 years. 385 (73,2%) of them live in a city. The female population take antibiotics with a doctor's recommendation more in comparison with the male population. More than 50% of the respondents confirmed that the antibiotics affect both bacterias and viruses. 98 (42,6%) of the men, and 264 (56,1%) of the women responded that they are aware what antibiotics resistance is. From the total number of 264 respondents who said that know about antibiotics resistance, only 127 (48,1%) indicate that the doctors and tge pharmacists as the source of information. Conclusion: The population of the eastern region of our country is not informed enough for antibiotics usage and the antibiotics resistance. The information that only 127 (24,1%) respondents of a total number of 526 respondents has gained their information from doctors and pharmacists is worrying. The main reason for appearing of resistance to bacteria is excessive and unconscious use of antibiotics, their unnecessary consumption, discontinuation of the treatment before it is completed, taking inadequate (smaller) doses than necessary and disregarding the correct intervals when taking therapy.

Analysis of the reports sent to an institutional patient safety program

Introduction: pharmacovigilance and patient safety programs have in common the monitoring of drugs, but despite sharing epidemiological method, language and legislation, there does not seem to be a clear relationship between them. Objectives: characterize and analyze the reports sent to the institutional patient safety program. Materials and methods: observational descriptive cross-sectional study of the reports database from an institutional patient safety program during 2016. Medication errors were classified according to the document WHO 2009. Adverse Drugs Reactions (ADR) were classified according to Uppsala Monitoring Center. Results: from the patient safety program it was detected that the omission of drugs or doses was the most frequent error (42.8%) followed by ADRs (20.9%). Harmful incidents were the most frequent (61.2%) followed by no harm incidents (38.8%). From the pharmacovigilance program 41 ADR and 15 therapeutic failures were identified, in which Phlebitis was the most frequently reported (23, 7%) followed by hypersensitivity reactions (18.4%) and excessive neuromuscular blockade (13.1%). Conclusions: a very important amount of incidents is not considered by any of the two programs, losing a valuable risk management opportunity. The program did not identify a clear distinction between harmful incident and ADR.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, emerging issues for the study

In the work results on morbidity rate of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) in the Ulyanovsk region for 2003- 2013 129626 are presented with the use of the epidemiological method, for the establishment a causal relationship to the number and infection of rodents. The material presented shows that in addition to well-known classical criteria to exert its influence on the epidemic process in HFRS there are others, in particular an increasingly growing role of anthropogenic factors to be scrutiny in the system of epidemiological surveillance of the infection. We observe that results, taking into account the number of rodents and their infection by Hantavirus, not conclusively found for the last 11 years, are not decisive in the development of the epidemic process of HFRS in Ulyanovsk Region.