Diabetes in COVID-19 patients: challenges and possible management strategies

Background The recent pandemic of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has been causing intense stress among the global population. In the case of hospitalized and ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients with comorbidities, it has been observed that a major portion of them are diabetic. Therefore, researchers had indicated a link between diabetes mellitus (DM) and COVID-19. Furthermore, DM is a potential risk factor for the severity of COVID-19 cases. Thus, in this study, the correlation existing between diabetic patients and COVID-19 was summarized. Main body of the abstract Diabetic patients have a weaker immune system, less viral clearance rate, malfunctions of metabolic activity due to their high blood glucose level, and other associated problems. This does not increase the susceptibility for the patients to be infected with COVID-19. However, the severity of COVID-19 can worsen due to the comorbidity of DM. Short conclusion Proper management, appropriate use of drugs that do not increase the ACE2 expression, lowering blood glucose level, decreasing the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle could be effective.

The Relationship between Erythrocytes and Diabetes Mellitus

High blood glucose level (hyperglycemia) is a leading indicator of diabetes mellitus (DM). Erythrocytes are the most abundant cells in the circulation and the first to perceive changes in plasma composition. Long-lasting hyperglycemia affects the structure and function of erythrocytes. The detection of erythrocyte-related indicators can provide a valuable reference for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of DM and its complications. This paper reviews the normal structure and function of erythrocytes, the changes in erythrocytes in patients with diabetes, and the role of erythrocytes in the development of diabetic complications to provide more indicators for the early prevention of DM complications and to monitor the therapeutic effect of DM.

Incidence Hypertension and Fasting Blood Glucose from Real-World Data: Retrospective Cohort for 7-Years Follow-Up

This retrospective cohort study was done to investigate the incidence of hypertension and its relation to the fasting blood glucose level in Korea. The eligible non-hypertensive subjects (n = 3,396,187) among the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening (NHIS-HEALS) examinees (n = 10,644,911) in 2009 were followed up until 2015. A Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the risk of the high blood glucose level for the incident hypertension while controlling for covariates’ confounding effect. The cumulative incidence rate was 10.6% for seven years (11.6% in men and 8.3% in women). The incidence density was 1474.8 per 100,000 person-years. High fasting blood glucose (adjusted Hazard Ratio (aHR), 1.836; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.810 to 1.862), prediabetes (aHR, 1.249; 95% CI, 1.237 to 1.260), a history of diabetes mellitus (aHR, 1.635; 95% CI, 1.605 to 1.666), high triglyceride (aHR, 1.292; 95% CI, 1.280 to 1.303), a history of dyslipidemia (aHR, 1.279; 95% CI, 1.253 to 1.305) and prehypertension group (aHR, 1.964; 95% CI, 1.948 to 1.979) were significantly related to the incident hypertension after adjusting for covariates. Among real-world data in Korea, high blood glucose level was the independent risk factor for developing hypertension.

The Diagnosis Of Diabetic Retinopathy By Means Of Transfer Learning With Conventional Machine Learning Pipeline

Diabetic Retinopathy is one of the common eye diseases due to the complication of diabetes mellitus. Cotton wool spots, rough exudates, haemorrhages and microaneurysms are the symptoms of the diabetic retinopathy due to the fluid leakage that is caused by the high blood glucose level disorder. Early treatment to prevent a permanent blindness is important as it could save the diabetic retinopathy vision. Hence, in this study, we proposed to employ an automated detection method to diagnose the diabetic retinopathy. The dataset was obtained from the Kaggle Database and been divided for training, testing and validation purposes. Furthermore, Transfer Learning models, namely VGG19 were employed to extract the features before being processed by Machine Learning classifiers which are SVM, kNN and RF to classify the diabetic retinopathy. VGG19-SVM pipeline produced the best accuracy in training, testing and validation processes, achieving 99, 99 and 96 percents respectively.

Metabolome of Cerebral Thrombi Reveals an Association between High Glycemia at Stroke Onset and Good Clinical Outcome

Despite the fact that glucose is the main fuel of the brain, hyperglycemia at hospital admission is generally associated with a poor functional outcome in stroke patients. This paradox may be explained by the lack of information about the blood glucose level at stroke onset. Here, we analyzed the metabolome of blood cells entrapped in cerebral thrombi to gain insight into their metabolism at stroke onset. Fourty-one consecutive stroke patients completely recanalized by mechanical thrombectomy within 6 h were included. The metabolome of retrieved thrombi was analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem with mass spectrometry. Discriminant Analysis (sparse Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (sPLS-DA)) was performed to identify classification models and significant associated features of favorable clinical outcome at 3 months (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) < 2). sPLS-DA of the metabolomes of cerebral thrombi discriminated between stroke patients with a favorable or poor clinical outcome (Area Under the Curve (AUC) = 0.992 (0.931–1)). In addition, our results revealed that high sorbitol and glucose levels in the thrombi positively correlated with favorable clinical outcomes. Sorbitol, a short-term glycemic index reflecting a high blood glucose level at stroke onset, was found to be an independent predictor of good outcome (AUC = 0.908 (0.807–0.995)). This study demonstrates that a high blood glucose level at stroke onset is beneficial to the clinical outcome of the patient.

Healing of Extraction Socket in Diabetic Patients- A Hospital based Retrospective Study

Diabetes is a common metabolic disorder which is an inability to regulate blood glucose due to insulin deficiency or resistance. During extraction, diabetic patients suffer various complications. One among them is most commonly seen delayed wound healing. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of delay in the healing process of extraction sockets in diabetic patients. This retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out in a hospital setting where all case sheets for six months were filtered from the patient management software. Samples of all patients with diabetes and the extraction treatment were filtered. Three hundred sixteen patients were used for this study. The data is collected and imported to SPSS for statistical analysis and results are obtained. Among 316 patients, 77 were diabetic and had undergone extraction treatment. Satisfactory healing was observed in diabetic patients undergoing normal extraction within the age group 60-70 years and with blood glucose level within normal range (54%). Unhealed sockets were observed in diabetic patients who underwent surgical extraction within the age group of 60-70 years and with high blood glucose level (10.2%). Majority of patients with normal blood glucose level have satisfactory healing and patients with high blood glucose level have unhealed sockets. Dentists should be aware that diabetic patients of poor glucose control undergoing traumatic extraction are prone to delayed healing processes which lead the patient to discomfort and infections. Patients should be advised to have a proper diet and controlled level of glucose to prevent oral complications.

Antiepithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Herbal Active Substance in Tumor Cells via Different Signaling

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological process through which epithelial cells differentiate into mesenchymal cells. EMT plays an important role in embryonic development and wound healing; however, EMT also contributes to some pathological processes, such as tumor metastasis and fibrosis. EMT mechanisms, including gene mutation and transcription factor regulation, are complicated and not yet well understood. In this review, we introduce some herbal active substances that exert antitumor activity through inhibiting EMT that is induced by hypoxia, high blood glucose level, lipopolysaccharide, or other factors.

Hyperglycemia Associated Metabolic and Molecular Alterations in Cancer Risk, Progression, Treatment, and Mortality

Cancer and diabetes are amongst the leading causes of deaths worldwide. There is an alarming rise in cancer incidences and mortality, with approximately 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths in 2018. A major contributory but neglected factor for risk of neoplastic transformation is hyperglycemia. Epidemiologically too, lifestyle patterns resulting in high blood glucose level, with or without the role of insulin, are more often correlated with cancer risk, progression, and mortality. The two conditions recurrently exist in comorbidity, and their interplay has rendered treatment regimens more challenging by restricting the choice of drugs, affecting surgical consequences, and having associated fatal complications. Limited comprehensive literature is available on their correlation, and a lack of clarity in understanding in such comorbid conditions contributes to higher mortality rates. Hence, a critical analysis of the elements responsible for enhanced mortality due to hyperglycemia-cancer concomitance is warranted. Given the lifestyle changes in the human population, increasing metabolic disorders, and glucose addiction of cancer cells, hyperglycemia related complications in cancer underline the necessity for further in-depth investigations. This review, therefore, attempts to shed light upon hyperglycemia associated factors in the risk, progression, mortality, and treatment of cancer to highlight important mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.

Systemic Review: Sexual Dysfunction in Women with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes would not just have a high blood glucose level in the individual body, yet these days diabetes likewise goes with numerous other organic issues like hypertension, feeble the myocardial layer working, sexual broke, and so on. These are some real issue which is these days joined by diabetes to a person’s body. Guys are for the most part being determined to have the sexual broke issue, guys, as well as experience a sexual broke issue. As similarly we may see less clinical examinations, including sexual broke issues looked for the sort two diabetic ladies. The primary goal of this article is to illuminate the situation that females proceed with much trouble with regards to the sexual broke Complication that might be physiological or neurotic if there should arise an occurrence of sorting two diabetes in ladies. It chiefly involves the useful extent of females like sexual drive, excitement, vaginal grease, Orgasm and general fulfilment space. Talking about the treatmentaccess of the ailment in the analyti way for it, Diabetes essentially hinders the sexual execution of Diabetic Women. Determinants of sexual ability incorporate age and extent of diabetes.