Syndicate Marriage or Trafficking? The Travails of Asian Migrant Women

Migration is a phenomenon that has come to stay. It cuts across all nations in the world. People migrate for different purposes such as education, marriage, labour, job opportunity or employment and shelter for refugees. Migration occurs through various mediums which could be self, family members, friends, or other intermediaries such as brokers. This research applied the pure library-based research method to highlight the activities of brokers in migration in Asia and examine the ordeals of women victims in cross-border migration. It was discovered that activities of these illegal brokers, that is also known as syndicates, are not different from human trafficking. The women victims, whose desires are to change their status, soon got trapped in uncertainty with shattered dreams, hence the suggestion that Asian countries enter into bilateral agreement to enable favourable and a less strict migration procedures for their member states. In addition, the contracting states should enact strict legislation to curb syndicate marriage and check the accesses of these illegal brokers. Received: 13 October 2021 / Accepted: 21 November 2021 / Published: 3 January 2022

Treaty-Based Regulation and Evidence-Extradition Agreements as Critical Tools in the Fight against International Criminal Wrongdoing

Draft Article 7 of the UN Draft Convention regarding Crimes Against Humanity provides the terra firma for States to establish and exercise a range of jurisdictional bases, including universal jurisdiction, to be reinforced by State-to-State agreements regarding evidence-extradition for the benefit of downstream truth and justice seeking projects. Legal analysis demonstrates there persists an insistence on treaty regulation and clearly particularised laws at local and international levels to successfully pursue international criminal accountability. Draft Article 7 will give credence to universal jurisdiction, complement the International Criminal Court’s workings and counter its temporal limitations, and negate politically-motivated invocation of the doctrine. A case study involving Australian extradition proceedings highlights how evidence can be obtained efficiently on the basis of a pre-existing bilateral agreement between culturally distinct States. Formal arrangements regarding evidence-exchange will espouse a greater willingness by States to cooperate across borders and will strengthen universality by taking some of the guess-work out of its exercise.

Russia's Baltic pipeline nearly ready but risks remain

Significance Despite this, Biden indicated no change in the US position after a bilateral agreement with Germany effectively paved the way to completing the pipeline. Technically, Nord Stream 2 could begin partially operating in October. Impacts The recent spike in European gas prices to levels unseen since 2008 reinforces the case for Nord Stream 2's speedy completion. EU energy diversification, with a focus on renewables, poses long-term questions about the viability of both the Nord Stream pipelines. From October, Hungary will switch to Gazprom gas supplied via Serbia and Austria instead of through Ukrainian pipelines.

Foreign powers of attorney relating to real estate – the issue of the probative value of a document and the effectiveness of a legal act from the perspective of the land and mortgage registry court

The role of foreign powers of attorney in contemporary legal and economic transactions is constantly growing. This is due to the widespread labour migration and, paradoxically, in the last year, also with difficulties in cross-border movement during the COVID-19 pandemic. In judiciary and notarial practice, the assessment of foreign documents, including powers of attorney, is a threestage process. Firstly, the court should pay attention to the probative value of a foreign document. In principle, it is equal to the probative value of a national document (Article 1138 of the Code of Civil Procedure). Only certain categories of documents require consular legalization. It is used when there is no bilateral agreement eliminating or reducing this requirement with the country where the document has been issued. In the case of many countries, legalization was replaced by the apostille clause provided for in the 1965 Hague Convention. Secondly, the court should analyse the formal effectiveness of the legal act, taking into account the principles derived from Article 25 of the 2011 Private International Law Act and, in some cases, bilateral agreements. Last but not least, thirdly, the court should examine the material effectiveness of the act. The governing law of the power of attorney may, pursuant to Article 23 of the Private International Law Act, be subject to the choice of law rule. This text is a guide for courts on how to deal with foreign powers of attorney in land and mortgage registry proceedings.

The Turkish Press about the Attitudes of the Bulgarian Turks and the Totalitarian Deportation Policy (1968 - 1969)

The flow of refugees and displaced people from the present territories of Bulgaria to the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic continued more than a century. In the scientific researches the refugee problem usually is considered from the political and historic point of view, the authors basing their studies mainly on official documents, treaties and bilateral agreements, protocols and reports preserved in different archives, in which personal experiences and human stories are lacking. The memories and the impressions of victims and witnesses shared in memoirs and in the press present the most vivid, intimate and realistic human stories. Some of the popular newspapers published testimonies and papers of the eviction from 1969 - 1978 which took place in the frame of a bilateral agreement. Three series of reportages published from the beginning of 1968 to the end of 1969 testified about the realistic attitudes of the Turkish minority, the personal drama of some of its representatives (leaving or staying in the totalitarian state) in the stormiest and full of tension years of negotiation, signing and starting the limited emigration. The aim of this research is to present the public discourse in Turkey about this exodus which have not found proper place in the researches.

3. The law of treaties

This chapter examines the principles and rules of the international law of treaties as reflected in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). It discusses the treaty as a legal concept and provides an overview of the regulation of who can conclude treaties, how consent to be bound by a treaty is expressed, the rules on entry into force, treaty reservations, the interpretation of treaties, amendments and modifications, the invalidity of treaties and the termination of and withdrawal from treaties. The VCLT is meant to be applied to all types of written treaties and it therefore governs treaties as diverse as a bilateral agreement to construct infrastructure as well as a multilateral document such as the UN Charter. In practice, however, the concrete application of the Convention may differ depending on the type of treaties.

ANALISIS KERJASAMA INDONESIA-ARAB SAUDI DALAM PENANGGULANGAN KEJAHATAN TERORISME

<p align="center"><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong></p><p align="center"><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><em>This article describes the diplomatic relations between Indonesia and Saudi Arabia in the security sector. The diplomacy in the security sector is in the form of a bilateral agreement between the two countries in tackling terrorism. This is because terrorism is a global crime that has become the world's attention. The method used in this research is descriptive analytical method. Then the theory used is the concept of national interest. This research was conducted to answer several problems, namely what is the foundation of Indonesia's foreign policy? Then how is the diplomacy between Indonesia and Saudi Arabia in tackling transnational crimes in the form of terrorism? The results of this research are that in implementing foreign policy, Indonesia has three bases as a reference. The foundation is an ideal basis, a constitutional basis and an operational basis. In the security sector, Indonesia and Saudi Arabia have collaborated in the handling of transnational crime, namely terrorism. With the agreement established between the two countries, it is hoped that both Indonesia and Saudi Arabia can carry out efforts to prevent and fight against terrorism effectively and efficiently.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Security, Terrorism.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p>Artikel ini menjelaskan tentang hubungan diplomatik antara Indonesia dan Arab Saudi dalam bidang keamanan. Diplomasi dalam bidang keamanan ini ditandain dengan adanya kesepakatan antara dua negara dalam menanggulangi kejahatan terorisme. Hal ini dikarenakan terorisme merupakan kejahatan internasional yang menjadi atensi dunia global. Dalam penelitian ini, metode yang digunakan adalah desktiptif analitis. Adapun teori yang digunakan adalah konsep kepentingan nasional. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang apa yang menjadi landasan kebijakan politik luar negeri Indonesia? kemudian bagaimana diplomasi antara Indonesia dam Arab Saaudi dalam mencegah kejahatan internasional dalam bidang terorisme? Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa dalam mengimplementasikan kebijakan luar negeri, Indonesia memiliki tiga landasan sebagai acuan. Landasan kebijakan luar negeri Indonesia yaitu landasan ideal, konstitusional dan operasional. Dalam bidang keamanan, Indonesia dan Arab Saudi bekerjasama untuk menanggulangi kejahatan transnasional, khususnya terorisme dengan adanya kesepakatan yang terjalin oleh kedua negara tersebut, diharapkan baik Indonesia dan Arab Saudi bisa melakukan upaya pencegahan dan perlawanan terhadap terorisme secara efektif dan efisien.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Kata Kunci: </strong>Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Keamanan, Terorisme.</p><strong><br clear="all" /></strong>

EU-Canada Strategic Partnership: Ups and downs

Signed in 1976, the EU-Canada relationship was the first bilateral agreement that the EU signed with an industrialised third country. Modest strengthening of the ties was achieved with the 2004 EU-Canada Partnership Agenda. A fully-fledged free trade agreement was in the works at this time, but suspended in 2006. The EU-Canada strategic partnership agreement (SPA) and the Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement (CETA) did not materialise until more than a decade later, in 2016. This paper focuses in particular on the strategic partnership dimension. It explores why an SPA was possible in 2016, but not before. To answer this question, the paper looks at four time periods. In so doing it explores the origins of the EU-Canada agreement, how the EU-Canada relationship changed over time, and examines how a more profound strategic partnership came about when it did. In its analysis it considers institutional, domestic and geopolitical factors. It briefly speculates about the possible future of this partnership.